Second Environmental Performance Review of Albania

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Chapter 9: Energy and environment125elimination of cross-subsidies, and the introductionof uniform tariffs throughout the country. Theestablishment of a Transmission System Operator hasbeen achieved. It has separated the functions ofgeneration and distribution (retail supply). A bilateralcontract market is being considered for the future.Consistency with EU requirements is a keyconsideration in the development of the Albanianenergy sector. This is due to the formal requirementsunder the Energy Community Treaty covering theSEE electricity system, as well as the longer-termgoal of Albania acceding to the EU. However, toreach this goal, Albania will need to take intoconsideration not only technical and financialconstraints but also the environmental risks thataccompany its energy sector.In the electricity sector, significant improvementscould be developed. The Government signed a loanagreement for a new power plant at Vlora with theWorld Bank, the European Bank for Reconstructionand Development and the European InvestmentBank. These loans have been used to build a new 97MW combined-cycle, diesel-fuelled power and steamplant at Vlora, together with the necessary facilitiesto import the fuel. It will have the possibility ofexpanding capacity up to 435 MW in the future.There are also plans to increase electricity generationcapacity through the construction of new HPPs, butthese are not yet underway and electricity imports arelikely to increase in the short term.9.3 Review of the energy sectorThe total primary energy supply in Albania decreasedfrom a peak of 2.75 million tons of oil equivalent(Mtoe) in 1990 to 1.7 Mtoe in 1995, and thenincreased to 1.94 Mtoe and 2.088 Mtoe in 2003 and2008 respectively. Coal and natural gas were the “biglosers” since economic changes have forced manyindustrial consumers to close down.Supply and consumption of coal has declined fromapproximately 644.5 thousand tons of oil equivalent(ktoe) of primary energy supply in 1990 to 23 ktoe in2008. Natural gas has followed the same trend with aproduction decrease from 206 ktoe in 1990 to 7 ktoein 2008. Table 9.1 represents the national energybalance in 2009, the most up-to-date information. Itshows that the diversity of energy supply, which wasalready low, was concentrated in oil (and oil byproducts),hydropower and biomass (fuel wood).Fossil fuels sectorAlbania possesses many mineral resources, includingfossil fuels. While it has limited domestichydrocarbon reserves, they could be sufficient tomeet national demands. The United States EnergyInformation Administration estimates the country’scoal reserves at about 790 million tons, crude oilproved reserves at 27 million tons and natural gas at840 million m 3 .Photo 9.1: Use of fuel wood
126 Part III: Integration of environmental concerns into economic sectors and promotion of sustainable developmentTable 9.1: National energy balance, 2009Supply and consumptionProductionImportsExportsInternational aviation bunkers **Stock changesTPESStatistical differencesElectricity plantsCHP plantsOil refineriesEnergy industry own useLossesTFCIndustryTransportOtherResidentialCommercial and public servicesAgriculture/forestryNon-specifiedNon-energy use- of whichPetrochemical feedstocksThousand tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) on a net calorific value basisCoal and Crude oil Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Geothermal, Combustible Electricity Heat Total *peat products solar, etc. renewables andwaste5 576 0 7 0 450 3 213 0 0 1,25469 60 602 0 0 0 0 1 169 0 901-2 -343 -25 0 0 0 0 -1 -46 0 -4170 0 -18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -180 26 -28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -271 320 531 7 0 450 3 213 123 0 1,7170 -2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 -2 0 0 -450 0 0 450 0 -20 0 -17 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 -140 -316 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -260 0 -38 -5 0 0 0 -1 -19 0 -630 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -96 0 -9871 0 766 1 0 0 3 212 461 0 1,51462 0 99 0 0 0 0 12 108 0 2810 0 442 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4440 0 150 0 0 0 3 200 351 0 7040 0 45 0 0 0 2 186 241 0 4740 0 35 0 0 0 1 13 51 0 1000 0 70 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 760 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 5410 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 840 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24Source: International Energy Agency, see: http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AL. Accessed on 14.3.2012.Notes: * Totals may not add up due to rounding. ** International aviation bunkers are included in transport for world totals.
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UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION
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vPrefaceThe second EPR of Albania b
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viiLIST OF TEAM MEMBERSMr. Antoine
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ixMinistry of Agriculture, Food and
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xiCONTENTSForeword ................
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8.3 Biological diversity ..........
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xvPageChapter 8Table 8.1:Table 8.2:
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xviiPageLIST OF PHOTOSIntroductionP
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xixLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAICASCICANP
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xxiSIGNS AND MEASURES .. not availa
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xxiiiExecutive summaryThe first Env
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The entire education system is subj
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was done by international consultan
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1Introduction I.1 Physical contextA
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Introduction3The country has deposi
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Introduction5Photo I.1: Ruins of Sk
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PART I: POLICYMAKING, PLANNING AND
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10 Part I: Policymaking, planning a
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67Chapter 5ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND
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Chapter 5: Economic instruments and
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Page 128 and 129: Chapter 7: Waste management99SitesC
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 7: Waste management101Table
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Page 164 and 165: 135Chapter 10HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIR
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Page 182 and 183: 153Annex IIMPLEMENTATION OF THE REC
Page 184 and 185: The new 2011 Law on Environmental P
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Page 192 and 193: 163Chapter 6: WATER MANAGEMENTRecom
Page 194 and 195: There is no updated water resources
Page 196 and 197: international consulting and author
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Page 200 and 201: taken. In addition, NES2, under MoE
Page 202 and 203: 173Chapter 12: HUMAN HEALTH AND THE
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Recommendation 12.5:(a) The Ministr
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178Worldwide agreementsYear1979 (BO
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181Annex IIISELECTED ECONOMIC AND E
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183Land resources and soil 2002 200
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Education 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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188Law on Local Tax System, No. 963
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191SourcesIndividual authors1. Bego
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19336. Albania, Ministry of Environ
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19568. National Agency of Natural R
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197101. International POPs Eliminat
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199UNDP and Ministry of Environment
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201172. National Agency for Environ
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Second Environmental Performance Review of Albania

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