Innovating to Support <strong>the</strong> Transition to <strong>the</strong> City <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st CenturyTable 3.2.1Urban Planning/Design & ProsperityProsperityDimensionsUrban PlanningCommons/Goods/<strong>Sustainable</strong> SolutionsProductivity Harness <strong>the</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> agglomeration economies CommonsImprove access to productive advantage (knowledge, quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> environment, etc.)Provide sufficient public space for circulation <strong>of</strong> goods and people and deploy adequateinfrastructure.Provide efficient transport systems for people and goodsEncourage polycentric urban development, allowing synergies between centres andsub-centresPromote mixed-land use to enhance economies <strong>of</strong> agglomeration and scale with betterclusteringIntensify urban nodes and corridors to maximize <strong>the</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> concentrationCommonsPublic goods<strong>Sustainable</strong> solutionsInfrastructuredevelopmentProvide clean infrastructure, closing ‘energy waste loops’ to preserve climate, air and waterquality Improve connectivity.Expand multimodal transport systems with sidewalks and bicycle infrastructureProvide social Infrastructure such as civic centres, libraries, sports facilities, etc.)Ensure eco-efficiency <strong>of</strong> infrastructural systemsSupport density through integrated infrastructure development, enhancing efficiency and accessCommonsPublic goods<strong>Sustainable</strong> solutionsQuality <strong>of</strong> life Enhance identity and culture through symbolic spaces and heritage preservation CommonsImprove safety and securitySupport place-making through urban designEnsure high quality <strong>of</strong> public spaces that engage interaction among communitiesPublic goodsPromote a system <strong>of</strong> green spacesEquityand socialinclusionEnvironmentalsustainabilityEnhance <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> street as a multi-functional urban space and integrate naturalspaces and recreational areasEnhance freedom <strong>of</strong> movementProvide well–located, adequate public infrastructure and amenities (incl. education,health, recreation, etc.)Create mixed neighbourhoods with <strong>the</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> jobs and housing options.Plan infill development and guided expansionsPromote mixed-used land development, ensuring involvement from marginalised groups.Improve connectivity between neighborhoods and access to services.Turn land and development <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong> into a revenue source.Ensure clean air, unpolluted water and preservation <strong>of</strong> biodiversity.Act on climate change adaptation/mitigationMaximize <strong>the</strong> natural benefits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> site (sunlight, water bodies, winds, etc.)Plan for restoration <strong>of</strong> ecosystemsEnhance public parks, waterfront and ‘green’ areas for recreational and productive purposesUse “passive urban design” to reduce carbon emissionsPlan for urban density to reduce energy consumption and settlements footprintReduce fragmentation <strong>of</strong> natural systems; reduce spatial footprint through careful design <strong>of</strong>infrastructure networks and settlements.<strong>Sustainable</strong> solutionsCommonsPublic Goods<strong>Sustainable</strong> solutionsCommonsPublic goods<strong>Sustainable</strong> solutions115
State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>regulatory frameworks andIn <strong>the</strong> <strong>cities</strong>strong institutions – formfact <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world<strong>the</strong> ‘hub’ that controls <strong>the</strong>today, <strong>the</strong> power to be‘wheel <strong>of</strong> urban prosperity’mobilised against <strong>the</strong> crisisemanates from a variety <strong>of</strong>and give it direction,stakeholders, not just public pace and momentumauthorities, although <strong>the</strong>se (see Chapter 1.1). Sharedretain a decisive role.prosperity requires <strong>the</strong>predominance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> publicinterest as embodied inpublic authorities 50 toThe crucialensure that none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fivepolicy role <strong>of</strong> publicauthorities is to harness <strong>the</strong> ‘spokes’ gain prevalence tovarious types <strong>of</strong> societal <strong>the</strong> detriment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs.powers and potentialsAbstract values and normsthrough appropriate urban are institutions becausepower functions.<strong>the</strong>y guide individualand collective action. 51Box 3.2.2 shows how, inChina and in Europe centuries ago, <strong>the</strong> State imposed <strong>the</strong>prevalence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> public over o<strong>the</strong>r interests and needs,treating <strong>the</strong>m all equitably for <strong>the</strong> sake <strong>of</strong> shared prosperity.The powers and functions that are part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> governancestructure <strong>of</strong> a city may derive from promulgated city charters,local government frameworks, or directly from <strong>the</strong> nationalConstitution. The rights and responsibilities granted toindividuals and firms in <strong>cities</strong> are all dictated by prevailinglegal frameworks. Similarly, <strong>the</strong> interactions among urbanresidents as well as <strong>the</strong> modalities <strong>of</strong> production, distributionand consumption <strong>of</strong> urban space have always been regulatedby explicit and implicit codes <strong>of</strong> behaviour and practice. Thetransformative potential <strong>of</strong> any city has, <strong>the</strong>refore, alwaysbeen a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enabling scope <strong>of</strong> its laws, regulationsand institutions. The degree to which such instruments canbe deployed as <strong>the</strong>y are, or consolidated, or even reformedwill determine a city’s degree <strong>of</strong> prosperity.In <strong>the</strong> metaphor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘Prosperity Wheel’, <strong>the</strong> legal andinstitutional framework as a whole acts as <strong>the</strong> ‘hub’ whichsteers <strong>the</strong> development<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five dimensions(‘spokes’) <strong>of</strong> prosperity,Laws and <strong>the</strong> modulating momentum,fact associatedrelaying its energy to <strong>the</strong>institutional set-upo<strong>the</strong>r dimensions, andhave determined <strong>the</strong>maintaining <strong>the</strong> overallvery genesis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>modern city, both in its balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘wheel’.essence as well as its Internal dysfunctions infunctionality.<strong>the</strong> legal and institutionalframework, or any disconnect between <strong>the</strong> hub and <strong>the</strong>spokes, interferes with <strong>the</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘wheel’ andmakes any existing momentum unsustainable (such as basedon only one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five dimensions).The Legal-Institutional Basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>20th-Century CityAdvances in industrial development, consolidation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>market economy and <strong>the</strong> permeating influence <strong>of</strong> liberaldemocracy (both in its origin in <strong>the</strong> West and <strong>the</strong> postcolonialvariant in <strong>the</strong> developing world) have created ashared legal and regulatory foundation in much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> urbanworld. The legal, regulatory and institutional fundamentals<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contemporary city tend to be identical, differing onlyin levels <strong>of</strong> development, institutional characteristics andperformance ability. Indeed, <strong>the</strong> legal-institutional basis <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> 20th-century city is fairly uniform; and this explains <strong>the</strong>similarities not only in functional modalities but also in <strong>the</strong>all-too visible imbalances characterizing <strong>the</strong> 20th-centurycity in its generic sense (i.e., spatial segregation, socialexclusion, a predominance <strong>of</strong> motorised mobility, highKarnataka, Bangalore, India: A road sign hangs over <strong>the</strong> entranceto ‘Electronics City’, an industrial complex dedicated to <strong>the</strong> ITand electronics industries. Located ten miles (16km) outsideBangalore, <strong>the</strong> complex has been hugely successful in attractingforeign investment.© Chris Stowers/Panos Pictures116
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