state of the world's cities 2012/2013 - United Nations Sustainable ...

Innovating to Support the Transition to the City of the 21st Century10 Government of Singapore (2010) Singapore Budget 2010 - Towards an AdvancedEconomy: Superior Skills, Quality Jobs, Higher Incomes, http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2010/speech_toc/pd.html.11 Centre for Livable Cities (2011) City Report on Singapore, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”12 Belliapa, S.G. (2011) City Report on Bangalore, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”13 Vejella, S. (2011) City Report on Hyderabad, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”14 Jin, L. and Y. Liu (2011) City Report on Shenzhen, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”15 The city’s GDP rose from 136.024 billion Yuan in 1997 to 789.424 billion Yuanin 2010. Even during the serious financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, Chongqingmaintained a high growth rate of GDP of 14% [ Liu, Y. and Y. Wang (2011) City Reporton Chongqing, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’sCities Report 2012/2013”]16 Kurtul,P. F. (2011) City Report on Gaziantep, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”17 World Bank (2012) World Bank Data:World Development Indicators & GlobalDevelopment Finance, Online database last updated July 9 2012, http://data.worldbank.org18 SET-DEV (2011) Technological Responsibility:Guidelines for a shared governanceof the processes of socialisation of scientific research and innovation, within aninterconnected world, http://www.set-dev.eu/images/pdf/setdev-pg2110728?e6227e3a1ee01ab67932453dd186b586=fe92758461b428418da8873e8a9fc56619 Ibid.20 Jin, L. and Y. Liu (2011) op. cit.21 In ten years of reform and development, the total assets of state-owned enterprisesincreased from 160 billion Yuan to one trillion Yuan, nearly seven-fold increase [Liu, Y.and Y. Wang (2011) op. cit.]22 UN-Habitat (2010) State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 : Cities for All: Bridging theUrban Divide, Earthscan, London23 UN-Habitat (2010) ‘Scaling New Heights: New Ideas in Urban Planning’, Urban World,Vol. 1, Issue, 4, October. Nairobi.24 James, P.A., K. Deiglmeier and D. T. Miller (2008) ‘Rediscovering Social Innovations’,Stanford Social Innovation Review, http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/rediscovering_social_innovation/25 Castells, M. (1996) The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture – Volume 1 –The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell, Oxford26 James, P.A., K. Deiglmeier and D. T. Miller (2008) op. cit.27 Soja, E. W. (2010), Seeking Spatial Justice, University of Minnesota Press,Minneapolis28 Cohen, M.(2012), Reinventing the Future: Designing Urban 3.0, unpublished proposalfor UN-Habitat Habitat 3 Summit.29 Clos, J. (2012) Urbanization Challenges of the 21st Century, Unpublished document,UN-Habitat, Nairobi30 Belliapa, S.G. (2011) City Report on Bangalore. Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”31 Flyvbjerg, B. (1996) ‘The Dark Side of Planning: Rationality and Realrationalität,’ inSeymour, M., Mazza ,L., and R. Burchell (eds.), Explorations in Planning Theory ,Center for Urban Policy Research Press, New Brunswick, NJ. pp. 383-394.32 Viana, I. (2011) City Report on Montevideo, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”33 López, E. M. (2011), New Urban Planning: Going Back to Basics, Unpublisheddocument, UN-Habitat, Nairobi34 Kothari, M. and S. Chaudhry (2009), Taking the right to the city forward: Obstaclesand promise, background paper for ‘State of the World Cities Report 2010/11’35 Briney, A. (2009) New Urbanism is Taking Planning to a New Level, http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/newurbanism.htm36 Clos, J. (2012) op.cit. This ‘global standardization process’ is also referred byprofessionals like David Mangin (Mangin, D. (2004) La Ville franchisée: Formes etstructures de la ville contemporaine, Editions de la Villette, Paris37 Buhigas, M. (2012), Efficient Urban Planning and Management, background paper for‘State of the World Cities Report 2012/13’38 Castellanos, G. (2011) City Report on Santo Domingo. Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”39 A highest percentage of respondents in all regions found that planning andmanagement is the most important factor, while the majority of respondents in LACopined that decentralization of policies and appropriate laws and regulation plays amore important role.40 ONU-HÁBITAT (2012) El estado de las ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe 2012,ONU-HÁBITAT ,Rio de Janeiro (to be published)41 Earth Right Institute (2011), Land Rights and Land Value Capture, http://www.earthrights.net/docs/long_form_brochure_lrlvc.html; UN-Habitat (2008), Municipalfinancing and urban development, UN-Habitat , Nairobi42 Mendoza, I. R. (2011) City Report on Panama City, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”43 The notion of fixed social capital, which encompasses all assets of society that arenot mobile (or soft) but are solid and owned by the public is equivalent to the ‘publicgoods’ mentioned in this chapter.44 UNIDO (2008) Public Goods for Economic Development, UNIDO, Vienna, http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/documents/Public%20goods%20for%20economic%20development_sale.pdf45 The CLEAR Network (2006), Urban Planning and Smart Growth, http://www.clear.london.ca/Urban_Planning.html46 Kimmelman, M. (2012), ‘A City Rises, Along With Its Hopes’, New York Times, May 18,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/arts/design/fighting-crime-with-architecturein-medellin-colombia.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.47 Sen, A. K., (1999) ‘Democracy as a universal Value’, Journal of Democracy , vol 10(3), Washington, DC, pp. 3-1748 ‘Cities have always been exposed to brutal economic pressures from overseas;the nation state has always, to a greater or smaller extent, tried to cushion thesepressures.’ [Pierre, J. (2011) The Politics of Urban Governance Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke]49 Menski, W. (2006) Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asiaand Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge50 ‘It could well be argued that the growing significance of non-elected actors inurban politics in many countries only increases the need for political control andaccountability.’ [Pierre, J. (2011) op.cit.]51 Pierre, J. (2011) op.cit.52 Fernandes, E. and M.M.M. Copello (2009) ‘Law and Land Policy in Latin America:Shifting Paradigms and Possibilities for Action’, Land Lines, Lincoln Institute of LandPolicy, Cambridge, MA53 Fernandes, E. (2007a)’ Implementing the urban reform agenda in Brazil’, Environment& Urbanization Vol 19(1), pp. 177–18954 Fernandes, E. (2007b) “Constructing the `Right to the City’ in Brazil”, Social & LegalStudies, Vol. 16(2), pp. 201-219;55 UN-Habitat database (2012).56 See, for instance, Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for People, Island Press, Washington DC.57 Mendoza, I. R. (2011) City Report on Panama City, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”58 Castellanos, G. (2011) City Report on Santo Domingo, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”59 Talen, E. (2012) City Rules: How Regulations Affect Urban Form, Island Press,Washington DC.60 Karvinen, M. (2005) Innovation and creativity strategies in Helsinki Metropolitan Area– reinvention of regional governance, proceedings of the 41st ISoCaRP Congress2005, Bilbao, Spain61 Berman, Harold. J. (1983) Law and Revolution: The formation of the Western LegalTradition, vol. 1, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Menski (2006) op.cit.62 Bourdieu, P. (2012) Sur l’Etat – Cours au Collège de France 1989-1992, Raisonsd’Agir/Seuil, Paris63 Berman (1983) op. cit.; Sassen, S. (2006) Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medievalto Global Assemblages, Princeton University Press, Princeton121