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Quality of Life and Urban Prosperityfrom 3.4 km to over 25 km and across four municipaljurisdictions. At national level, the Mexican governmenthas launched an ambitious programme to recover publicspaces in a bid to improve quality of life and enhance publicsecurity, particularly in marginalized neighbourhoods invarious cities. 30 In Cuba, as part of a ‘non-discriminatoryenjoyment of public spaces’ policy, several culturalprogrammes have been made free or affordable for all, withplazas, avenues and even vacant lots featuring various eventsthat enhance quality of life. 31In Europe, public greens which take the form of cornerlots, small community parks, street greens, linear parks,and river banks as wellas large city parks, aredesigned for specific typesof activity. The livelinessand continuous use ofpublic space as a publicgood leads, in turn, tourban environments thatare well-maintained andsafe, making the city anattractive place to live andwork in. 36policy “Havingaccess topublic spaces does notonly improve qualityof life, it is a first stepto civic empowermenton the way to furtherinstitutional and politicalspaces”. 37Endnotes1 Stiglitz, J.E., A. Sen, and J-P. Fitoussi (2009) Report by the Commission on theMeasurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, The Commission, Paris,http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm2 Stiglitz, J.E., A. Sen, and J-P. Fitoussi (2009) op. cit.3 Andrulis ,D.P., H.M. Reid, L. M. Duchon (2004), Quality of Life in the Nation’s 100Largest Cities and Their Suburbs: New and Continuing Challenges for ImprovingHealth and Well-Being, The Social and Health Landscape of Urban and SuburbanAmerica Report Series, USA.4 Stiglitz, J.E., A. Sen, and J-P. Fitoussi (2009) op. cit.5 www.worldvaluessurvey.org6 European Environment Agency (2009), Ensuring quality of life in Europe’s cities andtowns: Tackling the environmental challenges driven by European and global change,EEA Report 5/2009,Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,Luxembourg7 http://www.mercer.com/articles/quality-of-living-survey-report-2011; Also targetingbusiness, the Economist Intelligence Unit designed a Quality of Life Index usingnine factors: material well-being, health, political stability and security, family life,community life, gender equality, political freedom, climate and geography, and jobsecurity, Refer to http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf8 European Environment Agency (2009) op. cit.9 Bodin-Buyle Z., and C. Hermant-De Callataÿ (2011), Urban Prosperity and Quality ofLife in European cities – Beyond GDP, European Union, Brussels, prepared for UN-Habitat as part of EU – UN-Habitat collaboration.10 European Environment Agency (2009) op. cit.11 Dzung, D. D. (2011) City Report on Ho Chi Minh City, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”12 Fernandez, F.L. (2011) City Report on Cebu, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”13 Lupala, A. (2011) City Report on Dar es Salaam, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”14 European Environment Agency (2009) op. cit.15 Al-Bassam, D. and J. Mouris (2011) City Report on Dubai, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”16 Mena, A. (2011) City Report on Doha, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for“State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”17 Centre for Livable Cities (2011) City Report on Singapore, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”18 Fawaz, M. and N. Baghdadi (2011) City Report on Beirut, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”19 Omenya, A. (2011) City Report on Nairobi, Unpublished UN-Habitat background studyfor “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”20 Lima Como Vamos (2010) Lima Según sus Ciudadanos, Observatorio Ciudadano,Informe de Percepción sobre la Calidad de Vida, Lima.21 Veolia Environment (2010), Villes à Vivre 2010, Observatoire Veolia de Modes de VieUrbains, Paris.22 Davis, D. (2007) “Urban Violence, Quality of Life, and the Future of Latin AmericanCities,” in Allison M. Garland,A.M, M. Massoumi and B. A. Ruble (Eds) Global UrbanPoverty: Setting the Agenda. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars,Comparative Urban Studies Project, Washington D.C, pp. 57-87.23 UN-Habitat (2007) Enhancing urban safety and security: Global report on humansettlements 2007, Earthscan, London24 Mendoza, I. R. (2011) City Report on Panama City, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”25 Fernandez, F.L. (2011) op. cit.26 Al- Kubaisy, F. (2011) City Report on Al-Muharrak, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”27 UN-Habitat (2010), Bridging the Urban Divide, State of the World’s Cities Report2010/2011, Earthscan, London28 Shabou, A., N. Soboh, K. Jalouka, and D. A. Thaib (2011) City Report on Amman,Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report2012/2013”29 Fernandez, C. (2011) City Report on Cape Verde, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”30 SEDESOL (2007). Guia de Diseno del Espacio Publico Seguro, Incluente ySustentable. Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, México31 Coyula, M. (2011) City Report on Havana, Unpublished UN-Habitat background studyfor “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”32 The agreed international ratio is 8 square meters per capita. For instance, Lima, thecapital of Peru, has around 3 square meters, the Mexican border city of Tijuana hasaround one or two, and Al-Muharrak in Bahrain has less than 1 square meters.33 Jin, L. and Y. Liu (2011) City Report on Shenzhen, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”34 Liu, Y. and Y. Wang (2011) City Report on Chongqing, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”35 Centre for Livable Cities (2011) op. cit.36 Shehayeb, D. (2008) ‘Safety and Security in Public Space’ in International Report onCrime Prevention and Community Safety: Trends and Perspectives, ICPC, Montreal,pp. 107-11237 Castellanos, G. (2011) City Report on Santo Domingo, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”67
Chapter 2.4Equity and theProsperity of CitiesThe past few decades have witnessed a notable surge ineconomic growth, but one which has been accompaniedby an equally daunting degree of inequity under variousforms, with wider income gaps and deepening povertyin many cities across the world. In the 1970s, wideningincome gaps began an unhealthy co-existence witheconomic growth, with reduced incomes for households inthe middle and lower classes and steady increases for thewell-off. Economic inequality is seriously detrimental to theequitable distribution among individuals of opportunitiesto pursue a life of theirchoosing and be sparedCities must realize from extreme deprivationfact that equity hasin outcomes.a significant impact onEquity involveseconomic performance, systematic (re)distributionsince the greater the degreeof the economic benefitsof equity, the greater theof growth or development,chances of a fuller, moreefficient use of available with legal frameworksresources, including skills ensuring a ‘level playingand creative talent. 1field’ and institutionsAs understood in protecting the rightsfact this Report urban of the poor, minoritiesprosperity thrives on equity, and vulnerable groups.which involves reduction Promotion of equityin barriers on individual/also involves enhancingcollective potential,socioeconomic equalityexpansion of opportunities,and strengthening ofand providing for civichuman agency 2 and civic participation by all in theengagement.social, political and culturalspheres.The unequal wealth of cities: increasedincome disparitiesThe 2011 OECD report Divided We Stand stresses thatincome gaps between rich and poor are expanding in bothdeveloped and developing countries. In OECD countries,inequalities are as steep as they have been for over 30years. The Report shows that, in advanced economies, theaverage income of the richest 10 per cent of the populationis about nine times higher than that of the poorest10 per cent. In Europe’s Nordic countries, the average is amultiple of six but growing,compared with multiplesof 10 in Italy, Korea andCities generatethe United Kingdom, and fact wealth, but itup to 14 in Israel, Turkey is not shared equitably.and the United States.Despite considerableincreases in capital andThese are overshadowedper capita GDP growthby countries such as Chilealong with reductionsand Mexico with multiples in extreme poverty,of 27, and in Brazil, despite inequality as a whole isrecent declines in inequity growing in most parts(the exception amongof the world – a processthat undermines urbanthe BRICs countries), theprosperity.ratio of incomes betweenrichest and poorest reachedIn many cities,facta staggering 50:1. 4 the populationInand local expertsthe 34 OECD memberconcur that inequalitiescountries, Gini coefficients are becoming steeper.have risen by 10 per cent A review of inequalityon average between thein cities reveals a1980s and the late 2000s steady increase over(from 0.29 to 0.316). 5the long term, as wellas in recent decades.In emerging economies3Paradoxically, this has(such as Argentina, Brazil, occurred as wealth roseChina, India, Indonesia,enormously around thethe Russian Federationworld.68
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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYEQUITY
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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AcknowledgementsCore TeamDirector:
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Chapter 1.1Conceptualizing UrbanPro
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Statistical AnnexTable 1City Prospe
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Statistical AnnexTable 2Proportion
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Statistical AnnexUrban Slum Populat
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Statistical AnnexTable 4City popula
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