Innovating to Support <strong>the</strong> Transition to <strong>the</strong> City <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st Century10 Government <strong>of</strong> Singapore (2010) Singapore Budget 2010 - Towards an AdvancedEconomy: Superior Skills, Quality Jobs, Higher Incomes, http://www.m<strong>of</strong>.gov.sg/budget_2010/speech_toc/pd.html.11 Centre for Livable Cities (2011) City Report on Singapore, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”12 Belliapa, S.G. (2011) City Report on Bangalore, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”13 Vejella, S. (2011) City Report on Hyderabad, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”14 Jin, L. and Y. Liu (2011) City Report on Shenzhen, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”15 The city’s GDP rose from 136.024 billion Yuan in 1997 to 789.424 billion Yuanin 2010. Even during <strong>the</strong> serious financial crisis <strong>of</strong> 2008 and 2009, Chongqingmaintained a high growth rate <strong>of</strong> GDP <strong>of</strong> 14% [ Liu, Y. and Y. Wang (2011) City Reporton Chongqing, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’sCities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”]16 Kurtul,P. F. (2011) City Report on Gaziantep, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”17 World Bank (<strong>2012</strong>) World Bank Data:World Development Indicators & GlobalDevelopment Finance, Online database last updated July 9 <strong>2012</strong>, http://data.worldbank.org18 SET-DEV (2011) Technological Responsibility:Guidelines for a shared governance<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> processes <strong>of</strong> socialisation <strong>of</strong> scientific research and innovation, within aninterconnected world, http://www.set-dev.eu/images/pdf/setdev-pg2110728?e6227e3a1ee01ab67932453dd186b586=fe92758461b428418da8873e8a9fc56619 Ibid.20 Jin, L. and Y. Liu (2011) op. cit.21 In ten years <strong>of</strong> reform and development, <strong>the</strong> total assets <strong>of</strong> <strong>state</strong>-owned enterprisesincreased from 160 billion Yuan to one trillion Yuan, nearly seven-fold increase [Liu, Y.and Y. Wang (2011) op. cit.]22 UN-Habitat (2010) State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities 2010/2011 : Cities for All: Bridging <strong>the</strong>Urban Divide, Earthscan, London23 UN-Habitat (2010) ‘Scaling New Heights: New Ideas in Urban Planning’, Urban World,Vol. 1, Issue, 4, October. Nairobi.24 James, P.A., K. Deiglmeier and D. T. Miller (2008) ‘Rediscovering Social Innovations’,Stanford Social Innovation Review, http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/rediscovering_social_innovation/25 Castells, M. (1996) The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture – Volume 1 –The Rise <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Network Society, Blackwell, Oxford26 James, P.A., K. Deiglmeier and D. T. Miller (2008) op. cit.27 Soja, E. W. (2010), Seeking Spatial Justice, University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Press,Minneapolis28 Cohen, M.(<strong>2012</strong>), Reinventing <strong>the</strong> Future: Designing Urban 3.0, unpublished proposalfor UN-Habitat Habitat 3 Summit.29 Clos, J. (<strong>2012</strong>) Urbanization Challenges <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st Century, Unpublished document,UN-Habitat, Nairobi30 Belliapa, S.G. (2011) City Report on Bangalore. Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”31 Flyvbjerg, B. (1996) ‘The Dark Side <strong>of</strong> Planning: Rationality and Realrationalität,’ inSeymour, M., Mazza ,L., and R. Burchell (eds.), Explorations in Planning Theory ,Center for Urban Policy Research Press, New Brunswick, NJ. pp. 383-394.32 Viana, I. (2011) City Report on Montevideo, Unpublished UN-Habitat backgroundstudy for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”33 López, E. M. (2011), New Urban Planning: Going Back to Basics, Unpublisheddocument, UN-Habitat, Nairobi34 Kothari, M. and S. Chaudhry (2009), Taking <strong>the</strong> right to <strong>the</strong> city forward: Obstaclesand promise, background paper for ‘State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World Cities Report 2010/11’35 Briney, A. (2009) New Urbanism is Taking Planning to a New Level, http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/newurbanism.htm36 Clos, J. (<strong>2012</strong>) op.cit. This ‘global standardization process’ is also referred bypr<strong>of</strong>essionals like David Mangin (Mangin, D. (2004) La Ville franchisée: Formes etstructures de la ville contemporaine, Editions de la Villette, Paris37 Buhigas, M. (<strong>2012</strong>), Efficient Urban Planning and Management, background paper for‘State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/13’38 Castellanos, G. (2011) City Report on Santo Domingo. Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”39 A highest percentage <strong>of</strong> respondents in all regions found that planning andmanagement is <strong>the</strong> most important factor, while <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> respondents in LACopined that decentralization <strong>of</strong> policies and appropriate laws and regulation plays amore important role.40 ONU-HÁBITAT (<strong>2012</strong>) El estado de las ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe <strong>2012</strong>,ONU-HÁBITAT ,Rio de Janeiro (to be published)41 Earth Right Institute (2011), Land Rights and Land Value Capture, http://www.earthrights.net/docs/long_form_brochure_lrlvc.html; UN-Habitat (2008), Municipalfinancing and urban development, UN-Habitat , Nairobi42 Mendoza, I. R. (2011) City Report on Panama City, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”43 The notion <strong>of</strong> fixed social capital, which encompasses all assets <strong>of</strong> society that arenot mobile (or s<strong>of</strong>t) but are solid and owned by <strong>the</strong> public is equivalent to <strong>the</strong> ‘publicgoods’ mentioned in this chapter.44 UNIDO (2008) Public Goods for Economic Development, UNIDO, Vienna, http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/documents/Public%20goods%20for%20economic%20development_sale.pdf45 The CLEAR Network (2006), Urban Planning and Smart Growth, http://www.clear.london.ca/Urban_Planning.html46 Kimmelman, M. (<strong>2012</strong>), ‘A City Rises, Along With Its Hopes’, New York Times, May 18,http://www.nytimes.com/<strong>2012</strong>/05/20/arts/design/fighting-crime-with-architecturein-medellin-colombia.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.47 Sen, A. K., (1999) ‘Democracy as a universal Value’, Journal <strong>of</strong> Democracy , vol 10(3), Washington, DC, pp. 3-1748 ‘Cities have always been exposed to brutal economic pressures from overseas;<strong>the</strong> nation <strong>state</strong> has always, to a greater or smaller extent, tried to cushion <strong>the</strong>sepressures.’ [Pierre, J. (2011) The Politics <strong>of</strong> Urban Governance Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke]49 Menski, W. (2006) Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems <strong>of</strong> Asiaand Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge50 ‘It could well be argued that <strong>the</strong> growing significance <strong>of</strong> non-elected actors inurban politics in many countries only increases <strong>the</strong> need for political control andaccountability.’ [Pierre, J. (2011) op.cit.]51 Pierre, J. (2011) op.cit.52 Fernandes, E. and M.M.M. Copello (2009) ‘Law and Land Policy in Latin America:Shifting Paradigms and Possibilities for Action’, Land Lines, Lincoln Institute <strong>of</strong> LandPolicy, Cambridge, MA53 Fernandes, E. (2007a)’ Implementing <strong>the</strong> urban reform agenda in Brazil’, Environment& Urbanization Vol 19(1), pp. 177–18954 Fernandes, E. (2007b) “Constructing <strong>the</strong> `Right to <strong>the</strong> City’ in Brazil”, Social & LegalStudies, Vol. 16(2), pp. 201-219;55 UN-Habitat database (<strong>2012</strong>).56 See, for instance, Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for People, Island Press, Washington DC.57 Mendoza, I. R. (2011) City Report on Panama City, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”58 Castellanos, G. (2011) City Report on Santo Domingo, Unpublished UN-Habitatbackground study for “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World’s Cities Report <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong>”59 Talen, E. (<strong>2012</strong>) City Rules: How Regulations Affect Urban Form, Island Press,Washington DC.60 Karvinen, M. (2005) Innovation and creativity strategies in Helsinki Metropolitan Area– reinvention <strong>of</strong> regional governance, proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 41st ISoCaRP Congress2005, Bilbao, Spain61 Berman, Harold. J. (1983) Law and Revolution: The formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Western LegalTradition, vol. 1, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Menski (2006) op.cit.62 Bourdieu, P. (<strong>2012</strong>) Sur l’Etat – Cours au Collège de France 1989-1992, Raisonsd’Agir/Seuil, Paris63 Berman (1983) op. cit.; Sassen, S. (2006) Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medievalto Global Assemblages, Princeton University Press, Princeton121
StatisticalAnnexGENERAL DISCLAIMERThe designations employed and presentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> data in <strong>the</strong> Statistical Annex do not imply<strong>the</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> any opinion whatsoever on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Secretariat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong>concerning <strong>the</strong> legal status <strong>of</strong> any country, city or area <strong>of</strong> its authorities, or concerning <strong>the</strong>delimitation <strong>of</strong> its frontiers or boundaries.Table 1: City Prosperity Index and componentsTable 2: Proportion <strong>of</strong> urban population living in slums and urban slum population, by country 1990-2009Table 3: Urban population, proportion <strong>of</strong> urban population living in slum area and urban slum population, by region,1990-<strong>2012</strong>Table 4: City population and city population growth rate <strong>of</strong> urban agglomerations with 750,000 Inhabitants or More in 2009,by Country, 1950-2025 (thousands)Table 5: Urban Population and Urbanization by Country, 1990-2030Table 1City Prosperity Index and componentsCountryCityCityProsperityIndex (CPI)with 5DimensionsCityProsperityIndex (CPI)with 4Dimensions*ProductivityIndexQuality <strong>of</strong>life IndexInfrastructureIndexEnivronmentIndexEquityIndexAustria Vienna 0.925 0.936 0.939 0.882 0.996 0.932 0.883<strong>United</strong> States New York 0.825 0.934 0.940 0.866 0.994 0.941 0.502Canada Toronto 0.890 0.934 0.874 0.907 0.997 0.963 0.733<strong>United</strong> Kingdom London 0.904 0.934 0.923 0.898 0.997 0.920 0.793Sweden Stockholm 0.898 0.934 0.896 0.925 0.995 0.921 0.767Finland Helsinki 0.924 0.933 0.890 0.905 0.997 0.944 0.890Ireland Dublin 0.913 0.929 0.901 0.867 0.996 0.958 0.850Norway Oslo 0.924 0.929 0.870 0.914 0.997 0.939 0.903France Paris 0.897 0.927 0.895 0.925 0.996 0.895 0.788Japan Tokyo 0.905 0.925 0.850 0.931 0.989 0.936 0.828Australia Melbourne 0.903 0.925 0.867 0.875 0.996 0.967 0.820New Zealand Auckland 0.862 0.922 0.854 0.889 0.994 0.958 0.657Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands Amsterdam 0.895 0.915 0.866 0.872 0.995 0.933 0.818Switzerland Zurich 0.884 0.914 0.868 0.858 0.997 0.941 0.772Denmark Copenhagen 0.913 0.911 0.855 0.871 0.997 0.928 0.922Belgium Brussels 0.883 0.910 0.862 0.864 0.997 0.922 0.783Spain Barcelona 0.876 0.909 0.829 0.912 0.995 0.908 0.755Italy Milan 0.870 0.908 0.868 0.895 0.997 0.876 0.733Poland Warsaw 0.883 0.901 0.846 0.864 0.990 0.911 0.817Portugal Lisbon 0.853 0.899 0.827 0.867 0.995 0.916 0.692Hungary Budapest 0.881 0.894 0.808 0.867 0.990 0.921 0.833Greece A<strong>the</strong>ns 0.862 0.889 0.800 0.885 0.996 0.884 0.762Czech Republic Prague 0.871 0.882 0.855 0.771 0.992 0.926 0.827Republic <strong>of</strong> Korea Seoul 0.861 0.876 0.801 0.903 0.989 0.822 0.807Russia Moscow 0.793 0.870 0.806 0.813 0.960 0.908 0.550Brazil São Paulo 0.757 0.836 0.742 0.803 0.918 0.894 0.507122
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