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When I began working on this monograph as a contract historian for the Defense Acquisition History Project at the U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH) in June 2005, I knew very little about American military history. My knowledge of the field was limited to a few periods and events directly relevant to the subject of my doctoral dissertation. That gap has since narrowed significantly, thanks in no small part to the input and expertise provided by my colleagues on the project. Glen Asner, Nancy Berlage, and Chris Dachi first introduced me to the Defense Acquisition History Project, and Jeffrey Clarke, then Chief Historian (now Chief of Military History), hired me to write this monograph. I am especially grateful to them and to Alfred Goldberg, Stuart Rochester, Richard Stewart, and Louis Galambos for their encouragement and guidance. Dr. Clarke and Dr. Stewart, currently Chief Historian, carefully read and critiqued the entire manuscript. Elliott Converse, whose research and writing on the history of weapon systems acquisition in the Department of Defense during the early years of the Cold War has served as a model for my own work, also provided invaluable comments and support. He has been an outstanding colleague, friend, and mentor. I am equally indebted to J. Ronald Fox, whose encyclopedic knowledge of the weapons acquisition process and detailed critiques of my chapters improved the manuscript immeasurably. Alisa Robinson, Chief of CMH’s Editorial Branch, guided the final version through the editing and publication process. James McDonald, of the Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Science and Technology), reviewed the manuscript for public release. I must extend a very special thanks to my daily lunchtime companions at CMH—Walter Poole, Edgar Raines, Walton Moody, and Philip Shiman. Their friendship sustained me throughout the research and writing process, and I am also grateful to them for helping me learn the ins and outs of American military history. I also thank David Allen, Carolyn Halladay, and Shannon Brown for their assistance on the project. I am grateful to the librarians and archivists in the Library and Archives Branch at CMH who helped me identify and locate source materials. I am especially indebted to Patricia Ames and Lenore Gardner, both of whom patiently tracked down many journal articles, books, and unpublished documents. Without their help, conducting the research for this study would have been a far more arduous process than it turned out to be. I rarely experienced problems with my office computer equipment, thanks to the technical support provided by Jeffrey Noone. Cheryl Eddens, CMH’s security manager, helped me obtain a security clearance and the required identification badges and building passes to work at CMH and other Defense Department installations in the Washington D.C. area. Several outside reviewers generously gave their time to read and comment on the manuscript. Professor David Hounshell at Carnegie Mellon University, whose own work on the history of American industrial research frames much of the analysis in the pages that follow, provided an outstanding critique that encouraged me to rethink some of the major themes and arguments. So did Glen ix pR e f a c e
Asner, whose recent Ph.D. dissertation on the impact of military contracting on industrial R&D during the Cold War will likely set the standard for future scholarship in the field. Professor Robert Kargon, my graduate advisor at Johns Hopkins University, also read and critiqued the manuscript. Herbert Fusfeld joined the research staff of the Frankford Arsenal as a physicist in 1941. In April 2005, just before I joined the acquisition history project, Dr. Fusfeld discussed with me his research at the arsenal during World War II, and he also reviewed an early draft of chapter 2. Jeffrey Barlow at the Naval Historical Center kindly reviewed chapter 3. Michael Neufeld at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum recommended several important sources on the history of the Army’s rocket and missile programs. Finally, I am very grateful to my family and friends who have always supported me and my love of history. Research and writing can be a lonely experience. It was for me until the fall of 2005, when I met Rebecca Osthus. Her presence in my life has been nothing less than joyous. Although this study is the result of a collective effort, I alone am fully responsible for any errors of fact and interpretation. Washington, D.C. Thomas C. Lassman August 24, 2008 x
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Conclusion: Review and Retrospect c
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co n c l u sIo n : RevIew a n d ReT
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Unpublished Documents Converse, Ell
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BIBlIogRaphy 115 A History of Rock
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BIBlIogRaphy 117 ———. Install
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BIBlIogRaphy 119 ———. “Stev
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BIBlIogRaphy 121 Hammond, P. H. “
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BIBlIogRaphy 123 Meader, J. W. “T
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BIBlIogRaphy 129 Dyer, Davis. TRW:
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In d e x AAF. See Army Air Forces.
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In d e x 137 percent of R&D funds a
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In d e x 151 Sidewinder missile, 9,
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