STATISTICS

Technical notes (continued)
Energy production, primary, refers to the first stage of production of various forms
of energy (from sources that involve only extraction or capture, with or without
separation from contiguous material, cleaning or grading, before the energy
embodied in that source can be converted into heat or mechanical work, converted
into a common unit (metric ton of oil equivalent) (see United Nations publication
Concepts and Methods in Energy Statistics, with Special Reference to Energy
Accounts and Balances, 1982). The data refer to the following commercial primary
energy sources: hard coal, lignite, peat, oil shale, crude petroleum, natural gas
liquids, biodiesel, alcohol, natural gas, primary steam/heat, and electricity
generated from hydro, nuclear, geothermal, wind, tide, wave and solar sources.
Source of the data: The Energy Statistics Yearbook (information provided by the
Industrial and Energy Statistics Section of the United Nations Statistics Division as
of 18 December 2013).
Exchange rates are shown in units of national currency per US dollar and refer to
end-of-period quotations. The exchange rates are classified into broad categories,
reflecting both the role of the authorities in the determination of the exchange
and/or the multiplicity of exchange rates in a country. The market rate is used to
describe exchange rates determined largely by market forces; the official rate is an
exchange rate determined by the authorities, sometimes in a flexible manner. For
countries maintaining multiple exchange arrangements, the rates are labelled
principal rate, secondary rate, and tertiary rate.
Source of the data: The International Monetary Fund, International Financial
Statistics database (last accessed 6 January 2014). For those currencies for which
the IMF does not publish exchange rates, non-commercial rates derived from the
year-end operational rates of exchange for United Nations programmes are shown,
as published by the United Nations Treasury, available at http://www.un.org/Depts/
treasury/ (last accessed 6 January 2014).
Fertility rate: The total fertility rate is a widely used summary indicator of fertility.
It refers to the number of children that would be born per woman, assuming no
female mortality at child bearing ages and the age-specific fertility rates of a
specified country and reference period. Unless otherwise indicated, the data are the
five-year average for the reference period 2010-2015.
Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision,
available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm; supplemented
by official national statistics published in the United Nations Demographic
Yearbook 2012, Table 4, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/
products/dyb/dyb2012.htm; and data compiled by the Secretariat of the Pacific
Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and
demographic indicators, available at http://www.spc.int/sdp.
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