ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition Figure 1-2 Impact pathway for the impact category acidification with indicated location of chosen midpoint and endpoint indicator According to ISO 14044, the indicator of an impact category can be chosen anywhere along the impact pathway, which links inventory data to impacts on the AoPs. Characterisation at midpoint level models the impact using an indicator located somewhere along (but before the end of) the mechanism. Characterisation at the endpoint level requires modelling all the way to the impact on the entities described by the AoPs i.e. on Human Health, on the Natural Environment and on Natural Resources. This then allows for cross-comparison of different impact categories within AoPs on a natural or social science basis, and where possible taking into account all substance-specific differences. Impact categories at the midpoint level are defined at the place where a common mechanism for a variety of substances within that specific impact category exists. For example, ‗Global Warming‘ impacts involve a series of steps, starting with the release of greenhouse gases, and ending with impacts on humans and ecosystems. There is a point where the greenhouse gases have an effect on the radiative forcing. Greenhouse gas emissions have a pathway that is different before that point, but identical beyond that point. Therefore, the radiative forcing provides a suitable indicator for the midpoint impact category of ‗Global Warming‘. Most of the other impact categories, such as ‗Human Toxicity‘ and ‗Ecotoxicity Effects‘ are more heterogeneous. In these impact categories there is no real midpoint. The midpoint applied is in fact as close as practicable to the area of protection. The endpoint modelling 1 Introduction 4
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition then consists only of additionally characterising the severity or consequences. Therefore, in practice, a trade-off is often reached. On the one hand there are uncertainties associated with incomplete modelling and providing midpoint indicators, and on the other hand uncertainties associated with modelling further to the endpoint. Figure 1-1 shows the relationship between the midpoint impact categories and the three Areas of Protection which are addressed in this Guidance Document. 1 Introduction 5
Page 1 and 2: ILCD Handbook: Framework and requir
Page 13: ILCD Handbook: Framework and requir
Page 65 and 66:
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requir
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
How to obtain EU publications Our p
show all

ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?