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ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition Role of this Guidance Document within the ILCD Handbook This guidance document provides a framework and requirements for the models that are used to analyse the emissions into air, water and soil, as well as the resources consumed in terms of their contributions to different impacts on human health, natural environment, and natural resources. It supports the calculation of indicators for different impact categories such as climate change or acid rain in a Life Cycle Assessment. Life Cycle Inventory Approach and key issues addressed in this document Life Cycle Assessment data and studies for Sustainable Consumption and Production in government and business Review Life Cycle Impact Assessment • Framework and requirements for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) models and indicators (this document) • Analysis of existing Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies for use in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment Documentation, Nomenclature, Terminology ISO 14040, 14044 Several methodologies have been developed for LCIA and some efforts have been made towards harmonisation. The ISO standards brought some clarity on basic principles, but a comprehensive set of requirements for LCIA methods is currently lacking. Therefore, this guidance document provides: sets of criteria and recommendations against which models and indicators for use in LCIA should be evaluated, such as the required scientific qualities (completeness of scope; environmental relevance; scientific robustness and certainty; documentation, transparency and reproducibility; applicability), and the aspects that influence their acceptability to stakeholders; recommendations for the overall impact assessment framework for considering a broad range of environmental impacts under the three Areas of Protection of human health, natural environment, and natural resources. a description of the environmental mechanism (―cause-effect chain‖) for each impact category to provide a common understanding of what needs to be modelled; a set of model requirements for the specific environmental impact categories that are commonly addressed in an LCA. v
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................IV 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment in LCA ............................................. 2 1.1.1 The four steps of the LCIA .................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Framework for LCIA modelling .............................................................. 3 2 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ................ 7 2.1 Criteria for the evaluation of characterisation models ........................... 7 2.2 Evaluation procedure for the application of the criteria ........................10 2.2.1 Description of the cause-effect chain ...................................................10 2.2.2 Development of criteria specific to each impact category ....................11 2.2.3 Methods evaluation and comparison – identification of key differences 11 2.2.4 Development of criteria for the evaluation of endpoint models .............12 2.2.5 Additional sub-criteria for endpoint models ..........................................13 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR AREAS OF PROTECTION .................................................. 15 3.1 Human Health ............................................................................................16 3.1.1 Recommendations ...............................................................................16 3.1.2 Background and Discussion .................................................................16 3.1.3 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) ................................................17 3.2 Natural Environment .................................................................................19 3.2.1 Recommendation .................................................................................19 3.2.2 Background and Discussion .................................................................20 3.2.3 Measuring biodiversity loss ..................................................................21 3.2.4 PDF and PAF .......................................................................................21 3.3 Natural Resources .....................................................................................23 3.3.1 Recommendation .................................................................................23 3.3.2 Background and Discussion .................................................................24 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC IMPACT CATEGORIES ......................................... 29 4.1 Climate change ..........................................................................................29 4.1.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................29 4.1.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................30 4.2 Ozone Depletion ........................................................................................33 4.2.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................33 4.2.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................34 4.3 Human toxicity ...........................................................................................37 4.3.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................37 4.3.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................40 4.4 Respiratory Inorganics / Particulate Matter ............................................43 4.4.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................43 4.4.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................45 4.5 Ionizing Radiation .....................................................................................49 4.5.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................49 4.5.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................51 4.6 Photochemical ozone formation ..............................................................51 4.6.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................51 4.6.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................53 4.7 Acidification ...............................................................................................56 4.7.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................56 vi
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