ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and ...

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ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition 4.7.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................58 4.8 Eutrophication ...........................................................................................61 4.8.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................61 4.8.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................63 4.9 Ecotoxicity .................................................................................................67 4.9.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................67 4.9.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................69 4.10 Land use ....................................................................................................72 4.10.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................72 4.10.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................73 4.11 Resource depletion ...................................................................................77 4.11.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................77 4.11.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................79 5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 83 6 ANNEX A: DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DOCUMENT ................................................. 96 vii
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition FIGURES Figure 1-1 Framework of impact categories for characterisation modelling at midpoint and endpoint (Area of Protection) levels. .............................................. 3 Figure 1-2 Impact pathway for the impact category acidification with indicated location of chosen midpoint and endpoint indicator ............................................. 4 Figure 2-1 Example of diagram of the general impact mechanism for the impact category land use (based on Weidema and Lindeijer, 2001). ............................ 11 Figure 3-1 Example of Species Sensitivity Distribution Curve. Individual Species effect concentrations (EC50) shown as intervals. .............................................. 22 Figure 3-2 Functions of the natural environment, according to De Groot (1992), reproduced from Gustafson (1998). .................................................................. 26 Figure 4-1 Flow diagram for climate change............................................................. 30 Figure 4-2 Causality chain of the model to assess impacts of ODS. The link to ecosystems is generally not modelled in terms of biodiversity losses. .............. 34 Figure 4-3 Environmental mechanism for the human toxicity effects (including mechanisms for ionising radiation and respiratory effects associated with particulate matter, see Chapters 4.4 and 4.5). .................................................. 38 Figure 4-4 Recommended framework for calculating characterisation factors for human toxicity effects in LCA. (based on Pennington et al. 2006, Jolliet et al. 2006) ................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 4-5 Flow diagram for the respiratory inorganics impact category (derived from Humbert 2008) .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 4-6 Overview of impact pathway stages of radioactive releases for Human Health (adapted from Frischknecht et al., 2000). ............................................... 50 Figure 4-7 Overview of impact pathway on ecosystem for radioactive releases to freshwater. Solid lines refer to physical transfers of radioactive substances, whereas dotted lines correspond to exposures of radioactive radiation. ........... 51 Figure 4-8 Flow diagram for photochemical ozone formation ................................... 53 Figure 4-9 General and specific criteria for photochemical ozone formation with threshold value and importance. ....................................................................... 54 Figure 4-10 Flow diagram for acidification impact category. ..................................... 58 Figure 4-11 Flow diagram for eutrophication ............................................................ 63 Figure 4-12 Flow diagram for ecotoxicity impacts ..................................................... 68 Figure 4-13 Framework for calculating risk-based characterisation factors for ecotoxic impacts in LCA. (based on Pennington et al. 2006, Jolliet et al. 2006) .............. 68 Figure 4-14 Impact assessment model of land use (NPP=Nett Primary Production; SOM= Soil Organic Matter). .............................................................................. 73 Figure 4-15 Flow diagram for resource depletion ..................................................... 79 viii
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