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ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition Figure 4-6 Overview of impact pathway stages of radioactive releases for Human Health (adapted from Frischknecht et al., 2000). 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 50
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition external irradiation due to water Gy/day per Bq/kg freshwater radioactive releases internal irradiation due to bioaccumulation Gy/day per Bq/kg BCF L/kg Algae crustacae fish Damage on ecosystems sediment external irradiation due to sediments Gy/day per Bq/kg Figure 4-7 Overview of impact pathway on ecosystem for radioactive releases to freshwater. Solid lines refer to physical transfers of radioactive substances, whereas dotted lines correspond to exposures of radioactive radiation. 4.5.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category Since currently only a single method is presently considered relevant for each of the ionizing radiation subcategories, no detailed criteria-based comparison is planned as with the other impact categories. Hence no specific criteria have been developed for this impact category. Instead the evaluation is focused on the level of quality reached by the available methods within each main criterion. 4.6 Photochemical ozone formation 4.6.1 Framework and scope The negative impacts from the photochemically generated pollutants are due to their reactive nature which enables them to oxidise organic molecules on the surfaces they expose. Impacts on humans arise when the ozone and other reactive oxygen compounds are inhaled and come into contact with the surface of the respiratory tract, where they damage tissue and cause respiratory diseases. Impacts on vegetation arise when the reactive compounds attack the surfaces of the plants or enter the stomata of the plant leaves, and cause oxidative damage on photosynthetic organelles. Impacts on man-made materials are caused by oxidation and damage to many types of organic materials which are exposed to ambient air. NB: the man-made environment is not considered in the recommendations, and therefore the effects on man-made materials will not be considered further. The reaction scheme underlying the impact pathway is highly complex and depends on the formula of the concrete VOC, but it can be summarised as: 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 51
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