ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and ...

ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................IV
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment in LCA ............................................. 2
1.1.1 The four steps of the LCIA .................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Framework for LCIA modelling .............................................................. 3
2 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ................ 7
2.1 Criteria for the evaluation of characterisation models ........................... 7
2.2 Evaluation procedure for the application of the criteria ........................10
2.2.1 Description of the cause-effect chain ...................................................10
2.2.2 Development of criteria specific to each impact category ....................11
2.2.3 Methods evaluation and comparison – identification of key differences
11
2.2.4 Development of criteria for the evaluation of endpoint models .............12
2.2.5 Additional sub-criteria for endpoint models ..........................................13
3 REQUIREMENTS FOR AREAS OF PROTECTION .................................................. 15
3.1 Human Health ............................................................................................16
3.1.1 Recommendations ...............................................................................16
3.1.2 Background and Discussion .................................................................16
3.1.3 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) ................................................17
3.2 Natural Environment .................................................................................19
3.2.1 Recommendation .................................................................................19
3.2.2 Background and Discussion .................................................................20
3.2.3 Measuring biodiversity loss ..................................................................21
3.2.4 PDF and PAF .......................................................................................21
3.3 Natural Resources .....................................................................................23
3.3.1 Recommendation .................................................................................23
3.3.2 Background and Discussion .................................................................24
4 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC IMPACT CATEGORIES ......................................... 29
4.1 Climate change ..........................................................................................29
4.1.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................29
4.1.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................30
4.2 Ozone Depletion ........................................................................................33
4.2.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................33
4.2.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................34
4.3 Human toxicity ...........................................................................................37
4.3.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................37
4.3.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................40
4.4 Respiratory Inorganics / Particulate Matter ............................................43
4.4.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................43
4.4.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................45
4.5 Ionizing Radiation .....................................................................................49
4.5.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................49
4.5.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................51
4.6 Photochemical ozone formation ..............................................................51
4.6.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................51
4.6.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category ......................................53
4.7 Acidification ...............................................................................................56
4.7.1 Framework and scope ..........................................................................56
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