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ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition Net primary production - Direct effect - Indirect effects - temperature - extreme weather - precipitation - droughts Effects on ecosystems Changing biomes Decreasing bio diversity Wild fires Emissions into the atmosphere Time integrated concentration Radiative forcing Climate change other impacts Figure 4-1 Flow diagram for climate change. Malnutrition Flooding Effects on humans Infectious Diseases 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 30 Heat stress Midpoint level Endpoint level The thickness of the arrows in the diagram illustrates how important the pathway is in the overall mechanism. Radiative forcing is caused by direct and indirect effects. The box “other impacts” is added, as there are several other impacts, which have not been adequately described to warrant inclusion. 4.1.2 Criteria for Evaluation of this impact category After the general criteria described in Chapter 2, the main criteria ‗Environmental relevance‘ and ‗scientific robustness‘ have been specified by ten sub-criteria in order to outline the modelling of climate change in more detail. These sub-criteria, based on the cause-effect chain illustrated in Figure 4-1, are: Atmospheric fate and transport is considered. For damages on ecosystems, all relevant effects are considered. For damages on Human Health, all relevant effects are considered. All category indicators and characterisation models linking midpoint to endpoint fulfil the science-based requirements. The coverage of the impacts in modelling from midpoint to endpoint is complete. The fate and transport model reflects the latest stage of knowledge. The human damage model is scientifically robust. The ecosystem damage model with loss of species is scientifically robust. The ecosystem damage model on primary production is scientifically robust. The model including the underlying data has potential for being consistently improved and further developed regarding geographic and temporal differentiation.
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition The table below shows the general and specific criteria for climate change identifying the minimum score (threshold value) to be met and the most relevant criteria for the impact category (importance). Table 4-1 General and specific criteria for climate change with threshold value and importance. CLIMATE CHANGE Check the following: Introduction Completeness of scope Environmental relevance Scientific robustness & Certainty • Timeframe, discounting, etc. • Marginal (M) or Average (A) defined, if not described (ND) • Total number of substances covered by the provided characterisation factors Threshold (Minimum score) • The impact indicator covers the majority of impact mechanisms and relevant elementary flows for the AoP Human Health H • The impact indicator covers the majority of impact mechanisms and relevant elementary flows for the AoP Natural Environment? H • The impact indicator covers the majority of impact mechanisms and relevant elementary flows for the AoP Natural Resources • The midpoint indicator is chosen at the right point in the cause-effect chain, where all LCI are aggregated as early as possible in the cause effect chain • The characterization model is adaptable to spatial and temporal explicit evaluation • Global geographical validity preferable, separate validity for Europe beneficial • The method is compatible with, or developed specifically for, the comparative assessment scope of LCA (e.g. factors do not include security factors/precautionary principle) B H • When empirical data is used, double counting is avoided Overall evaluation • All critical parts of the environmental mechanism describing the cause-effect chain are included with acceptable quality C H Overall evaluation Scientific robustness • Atmospheric fate and transport is considered C • For damages on ecosystems, all relevant effects are considered • For damages on Human Health, all relevant effects are considered • The critical part of the model including the input data have been peer reviewed (journal, panel, book, etc.) H • The model reflects the latest stage of knowledge for the cause-effect chain (the critical links are covered) • All category indicators and characterisation models linking midpoint to damage are science based • The coverage of the impacts in the modelling from midpoint to endpoint is complete • The fate and transport model reflects the latest stage of knowledge • The human damage model is scientific robust • The ecosystem damage model with loss of species is scientific robust • The ecosystem damage model on primary production is scientific robust Importance (H-N) 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 31
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