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ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition HUMAN TOXICITY EFFECTS Check the following: Scientific robustness & Certainty Fate Exposure Doseresponse Severity Overall evaluation Scientific robustness Certainty Overall evaluation • Urban area is considered separately and advection out of a region or of a continent is not considered a final loss. • Influential fate processes are considered (classic - volatilization, chemical reaction, deposition, colloid matter, sedimentation, intermittent rain, direct deposition of pesticides on plants) • Main impact pathways are covered (inhalation, ingestion of meat, dairy products, fish, eggs, dermal uptake) • Regarding dose-response Effect Dose 10% (ED10) or 50% (ED50) are used as a point of departure, avoiding safety factors, if not available extrapolation from NOAEL to LOAEL is performed, human data are preferably used Negative carcinogenic chemical are accounted for differently from non available data and route to route extrapolation is included Regarding severity and aggregation, value judgments are transparent and intermediary results are kept separate • The critical part of the model including the input data have been peer reviewed (journal, panel, book, etc.) • The model reflects the latest stage of knowledge for the cause-effect chain (the critical links are covered) --> provide a list of specific criteria for each impact category • Intermedia transfer and loss processes reflects latest state of knowledge • Biomagnification is included, carry over rates do comply with mass balance principles even at high Kow • Model valid for metals and direct application of pesticides before harvest • Slope of the effect factors accounts for latest state of knowledge • Best available knowledge is used for the severity factors, latest data used on WHO factor • The model including the underlying data have a good potential for being consistently improved and further developed including regarding geographical/emission situation and temporal differentiation • Indicators can be confirmed and verified against monitoring data, if available • Uncertainty estimates of the indicators are provided, justified and reported in statistical terms • Scenario and model uncertainty as well as substance data and parameter uncertainty are taken into account • The category indicator and characterisation models are science based Threshold (Minimum score) C H C H C H C (only for endpoint methods) Importance (H-N) 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 42 N C H C H
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition HUMAN TOXICITY EFFECTS Check the following: Documentation & Transparency & Reproducibility Applicability Overall evaluation Overall evaluation Overall evaluation of science based criteria Stakeholder acceptance criteria Overall evaluation of stakeholders acceptance criteria Final recommendation • The model documentation is published and accessible (incl. description of the mechanism, the model, temporal and spatial scale, etc.) • The set of characterisation factors/models is published and accessible • The input data are published and accessible • The characterisation model is published and accessible • Ability for third parties to freely generate additional, consistent factors and to further develop models, e.g. incorporating further geographical/emission situation, temporal and speciation differentiation • Value choices are explicitly stated • Coverage of impacting single substance/resource elementary flows of the ELCD database (version October 2007) • Ease to update to conform e.g. with the ILCD nomenclature and units • The characterisation factors are straightforward to apply for general LCA practitioners and in most market-relevant LCA software tools • Life cycle inventory figures for the distinguished emission compartments or resource types can be made directly available by producing industry • The indicator is easily understood • There is an authoritative body behind the general model principles like the IPCC model (consensus/international endorsement) • The principles of the model are easily understood by non-LCIA experts and preferably also by the general public • The covered elementary flows and impact models do not inappropriately favour or disfavour specific industries, processes, or products • The indicator is relevant with current policy indicators of the European Commission or similar international authoritative bodies Threshold (Minimum score) 4.4 Respiratory Inorganics / Particulate Matter 4.4.1 Framework and scope C N B H B H C H A N Importance (H-N) Ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) are elevated by emissions of primary and secondary particulates. The mechanism for the creation of secondary emissions involves 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 43
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