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ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition Photochemical ozone formation Check the following: Applicability Overall evaluation Overall evaluation Overall evaluation of science based criteria Stakeholder acceptance criteria Overall evaluation of stakeholders acceptance criteria Final recommendation 4.7 Acidification 4.7.1 Framework and scope • Value choices are explicitly stated • Coverage of impacting single substance/resource elementary flows of the ELCD database (version October 2007) • Ease to update to conform e.g. with the ILCD nomenclature and units • The characterisation factors are straightforward to apply for general LCA practitioners and in most market-relevant LCA software tools • Life cycle inventory figures for the distinguished emission compartments or resource types can be made directly available by producing industry • The indicator is easily understood • There is an authoritative body behind the general model principles like the IPCC model (consensus/international endorsement) • The principles of the model are easily understood by non-LCIA experts and preferably also by the general public • The covered elementary flows and impact models do not inappropriately favour or disfavour specific industries, processes, or products • The indicator is relevant with current policy indicators of the European Commission or similar international authoritative bodies Threshold (Minimum score) A H Importance (H-N) This impact category addresses the impacts from acidification generated by the emission of airborne acidifying chemicals. Acidification refers literally to processes that increase the acidity of water and soil systems by hydrogen ion concentration. It is caused by atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances generated largely from emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3), the latter contributing to acidification after it is nitrified (in the soil). The model framework for the acidification characterization factor is expressed as a fate factor, FF multiplied by an effect factor, EF as per the equation below: CFi,ar = FF · EF = fi,ar · θi,r sensitivity · βdose-response 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 56 H
ILCD Handbook: Framework and requirements for LCIA models and indicators First edition where: FF EF fi,ar represents the fate factor representing the transport of substance (i) in air (a) and the transfer to receptor-environment (r). [dimensionless (kg/kg)]. θi,r sensitivity is the fate sensitivity factor of the receptor-environment. It models for example the change in soil parameters such as acidity potential (or base saturation) due to change in acid deposition. It can be calculated as the number of mol H + released per kg of deposited pollutant [mol H + /kg], which depends on the intrinsic property of the chemical and the soil sensitivity. This framework is also valid for the base saturation approach of van Zelm and colleagues (2007) with some adaptations. βdose-response expresses the effect factor, i.e. the response of the ecosystem to the change in cation capacity (or base saturation) e.g. [Impact/mol H + ] or [-]. 4.7.1.1 Environmental Mechanism (cause-effect chain) The figure below shows the cause-effect chain for airborne acidifying emissions with the most important pathways highlighted (bold arrows). 4 Requirements for specific impact categories 57
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