Adult Medical Emergency Handbook - Scottish Intensive Care Society

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i i • If there are doubts about the patient’s ability to swallow safely the patient should be placed nil by mouth and given intravenous fluids. • Urinary catheterisation should be avoided in the acute phase unless there is urinary retention, a high risk of pressure sores or unless the urine output needs to be monitored. Discuss with Nursing staff. • DVT Prophylaxis: avoid Heparin. INVESTIGATION • Immediate BM to exclude hypoglycaemia • U&E’s, and glucose • LFTs, cholesterol • FBC, ESR • ECG • CXR CT scan should be requested immediately & be performed as soon as possible after stroke onset. • If clinical evidence of a cardiac source of embolism e.g. atrial fibrillation or significant cardiac murmur, request an echocardiogram. • If the patient has had a minor stroke or TIA affecting the carotid territory arrange a carotid duplex to screen for significant carotid stenosis. INDICATIONS FOR IMMEDIATE CT SCANNING • Coma or reducing conscious level. • Likelihood of important non-stroke diagnosis (e.g. subdural haematoma, subarachnoid haemorrhage). • Patient on or requiring anticoagulants. • Patient eligible for thrombolysis. • Unusual presentation? Basilar artery thrombosis. Young patients (< 60 years old) with a large middle cerebral artery infarct are at risk of significant cerebral oedema developing within 48 hours of stroke onset. GCS & neuroobservations should be monitored closely & if the clinical condition deteriorates further CT scanning is indicated & the patient should be discussed with the Neurosurgeon on-call to consider hemicraniectomy & surgical decompression. adult medical emergencies handbook | NHS LOTHIAN: UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS DIVISION | 2009/11 133
STROKE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: CONDITIONS WHICH MAY MIMIC OR BE MIS-DIAGNOSED AS STROKE Toxi-metabolic derangements • Hypoglycaemia • Alcohol intoxication • Drugs e.g. tricyclic antidepressants • Hyponatraemia Other CNS disease • Meningitis/encephalitis • Subarachnoid haemorrhage • Sub-dural haematoma • Todd’s paresis • Tumour • Cerebral vasculitis • All patients with stroke who have not been admitted to the stroke units should be notified to Professor Dennis or Dr Keir (WGH) or Drs Hart, Mead, Chapman or Coull ext 26927 (RIE) or Drs Ramsay or Jackson via Stroke Unit ext. 54104 or Stroke Liaison Nurse on page 3986 (SJH) as early as possible. • Once a cerebral haemorrhage has been excluded (by CT brain), aspirin should be initiated immediately at a dose of 300mg daily & continued at this dose for 14 days then reduced to 75mg maintenance treatment. If patient cannot swallow give by suppository. After that 75mg per day should be given (minimise GI side effects). • Contact Stroke Registrar or Consultant via appropriate switchboard. • If already on aspirin leave on aspirin until CT result known. • For patients with ischaemic stroke dipyridamole MR 200mg daily should be given in addition to aspirin. • If the total cholesterol is greater than 3.5mmol/l start patient on simvastatin 40 mg nocte or atorvastatin (consider pravastatin if on warfarin and digoxin). See Lothian lipid guidelines. • Antihypertensive medication may be continued if the patient is able to swallow. • New antihypertensive medication should not be initiated within the first week of an acute stroke unless there is accelerated phase hypertension. 134 adult medical emergencies handbook | NHS LOTHIAN: UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS DIVISION | 2009/11
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Adult Medical Emergencies EDITOR Dr
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WGH IN CARDIAC ARREST & LIFE THREAT
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RIE USEFUL BLEEP NUMBERS MED REG (w
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ST JOHN’S THEATRES 1-9 1 ........
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OTHER USEFUL TELEPHONE NUMBERS NAME
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Management of First Seizure in Adul
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Addison’s Disease ...............
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EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION The Adult M
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DISCLAIMER Every effort has been ma
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GENERAL POINTS Medicines • Doses
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i as far as is reasonably possible.
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i GOOD DOCUMENTATION • Write legi
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• Prescribe liquids by writing th
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Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
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MAKING A DECISION ABOUT RESUSCITATI
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THE PATIENT WHO IS NOT COMPETENT TO
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i PATIENT DEATHS • See patients w
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CHECKLIST OF REQUIREMENTS This chec
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ORGAN DONATION Transplants are one
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i Always consider telephoning the G
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i review arrangements. Include: a)
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Immediate investigations are those
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i i NOTES ON INITIAL ASSESSMENT ALG
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i Exposure, evidence and examinatio
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i i 2b. ILLNESS SEVERITY ASSESSMENT
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Observation Chart Date chart commen
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i Illness Severity and Diagnosis (R
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i Watch for the development of card
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SHOCK Definition & Classification
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i Cuff BP by machine may be extreme
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If no bleeding and platelets
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TRANSFUSION REACTION Figure 1: Algo
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of infusing only 5-10mls of blood.
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Table 3: Drugs that may be required
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i i SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK Sepsis
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ANTIBIOTIC MINI-GUIDE FOR ADULTS
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i i • Remember to look for intra-
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i • Commence basic life support (
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ALGORITHM FOR FIRST MEDICAL RESPOND
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ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT The effective
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i DO YOU NEED HELP ? Contact the Ac
Page 83 and 84: i • Angina (rate related): treat
Page 85 and 86: DATE: Dear “FIRST SEIZURE” APPO
Page 87 and 88: Review Collapse Algorithm Identifie
Page 89 and 90: Loss of consciousness YES Perform:
Page 91 and 92: 07.00 to 17.00 Asymptomatic Normal
Page 93 and 94: i i ADULT ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT: No
Page 95 and 96: i NON SHOCKABLE RHYTHMS Cardiac arr
Page 97 and 98: • Patients should be pain free an
Page 99 and 100: ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES In order t
Page 101 and 102: IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CORON
Page 103 and 104: CHEST PAIN PATHWAY - NHS LOTHIAN OP
Page 105 and 106: LOTHIAN PRIMARY PCI/PRE-HOSPITAL TH
Page 107 and 108: i Thrombolysis Since the clinical b
Page 109 and 110: Reperfusion therapy not administere
Page 111 and 112: i i MILD-MODERATE LEFT VENTRICULAR
Page 113 and 114: i i Do not hesitate to seek a Cardi
Page 115 and 116: account any subsequently prescribed
Page 117 and 118: i rehab team or the BHF nurse, and/
Page 119 and 120: i i i Referral to ICU should follow
Page 121 and 122: ATRIAL FLUTTER Characterised by rap
Page 123 and 124: i Seek senior cardiology advice reg
Page 125 and 126: Causes • Bradycardia • Electrol
Page 127 and 128: i i In anterior infarction the deve
Page 129 and 130: abnormalities develop i.e. second o
Page 131 and 132: i VASCULAR EMERGENCIES ACUTE THORAC
Page 133: i ACUTE STROKE Stroke is a Medical
Page 137 and 138: ACUTE STROKE INTEGRATED CARE PATHWA
Page 139 and 140: ST JOHN’S HOSPITAL CARE PATHWAY A
Page 141 and 142: Role of D-dimer D-Dimer is helpful
Page 143 and 144: i Thrombolysis bolus alteplase (rtP
Page 145 and 146: i MANAGEMENT OF THE ACUTELY ISCHAEM
Page 147 and 148: i Chapter 4 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
Page 149 and 150: i i • Decreased respiratory and h
Page 151 and 152: i i • Co-morbidity. • Multiloba
Page 153 and 154: other factors. Consult local antibi
Page 155 and 156: Antibiotics • Amoxicillin (amoxyc
Page 157 and 158: MANAGEMENT OF SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHO
Page 159 and 160: • Look at the CXR and mark intuba
Page 161 and 162: pack. Advance slowly along the infi
Page 163 and 164: Figure 1a - preparing to insert a c
Page 165 and 166: i i MANAGEMENT OF CHEST DRAINS •
Page 167 and 168: Features of a major bleed? • Tach
Page 169 and 170: i i Contact GI Registrar. ROCKALL S
Page 171 and 172: i i • Blood, urine and ascitic fl
Page 173 and 174: • For alcoholic liver disease: th
Page 175 and 176: Known IBD • Exclude infection. Mi
Page 177 and 178: • Are any drugs implicated e.g. o
Page 179 and 180: ACUTE PANCREATITIS Determine severi
Page 181 and 182: then it would be more appropriate t
Page 183 and 184: RIE/WGH ACUTE SURGICAL ADMISSION IN
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i i VASCULAR: renal artery disease
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• Examine the urine: proteinuria
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i 1. IMMEDIATE ACTION: STABILISATIO
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METABOLIC ACIDOSIS CAUSES OF METABO
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i MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOS
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i Electrolyte replacement • Despi
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• Screen for myocardial infarctio
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• Monitor respiratory rate, ECG,
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Consider Precipitating Factors: •
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likely to be either GKI or sliding
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• If capillary blood glucose is g
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COMMON SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA Au
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Always discuss with the metabolic r
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• Abdominal pain • Depression
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• Hypoparathyroidism, surgical.
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i TREATMENT Oral • Sando K 2-3 ta
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• Measurement of plasma renin act
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Flow Chart for the assessment and m
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Chapter 7 NEUROLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
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AETIOLOGY OF COMA Primary neurologi
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EPILEPTIC SEIZURES Epilepsy is a sy
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i DRUGS Initial treatment is with D
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INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION AND VENT
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LIKELY ORGANISMS • Depend on age,
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TENTORIAL HERNIATION AND CONING •
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• CT scan if focal neurology, rai
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• Assessment of cognition can be
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ACUTE AGITATED CONFUSION IN AN OLDE
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• Drugs: - polypharmacy (>4 drugs
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i Chapter 9 EMEGENCIES IN HAEMATOLO
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on waking, and may be aggravated by
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EMERGENCIES IN PALLIATIVE CARE Emer
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SEIZURES IN PALLIATIVE CARE Seizure
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NALOXONE IN PALLIATIVE CARE Naloxon
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CARE OF THE DYING PATIENT If you th
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THE ROLE OF JUNIOR MEDICAL STAFF IN
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• Ensure adequate ventilation. Tr
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• Paracetamol and salicylate conc
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MANAGEMENT OF COMMON POISONINGS Par
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i i treatment schedule should be us
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i Toxicity Serious toxicity from pu
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conscious level. • Correct electr
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• Correct metabolic acidosis with
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i SEPSIS • Any age, any joint, ma
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Reactive Arthritis • Bed rest plu
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N.B. Remember spontaneous bacterial
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i ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL MANAGEMENT Ens
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ACUTE DISTURBANCE Guide for medical
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detention certificate must state th
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a person there. Under an EDC, treat
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Appendix 1 SHARING DIFFICULT INFORM
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1. Write down or review what you ar
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CHECKLIST OF REQUIREMENTS This chec
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i • Reactions vary: distress, ang
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• Damaged syringes and siphonage:
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Start-up time (Syringe pumps) What
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• HR increases by 17% and stroke
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PAEDIATRIC FBAO TREATMENT Assess se
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CONSENT TO MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR CH
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CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION It would
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c) Drugs and catheterisation pack -
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR ANAESTHETIST + ODP
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DRUGS - CIRCULATING NURSE 1. MAKE S
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HELP - NURSE / RESIDENT The followi
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RECOVERY & FURTHER TREATMENT With r
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MAJOR HAEMORRHAGE PROTOCOL 314 adul
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Useful links The Anaphylaxis campai
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