Adult Medical Emergency Handbook - Scottish Intensive Care Society

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HYPERTENSION Hypertension is common and most patients do not require admission. The key to its correct management is a slow reduction, even in hypertensive emergencies. Rapid reduction may result in cerebral infarction. Hypertension immediately following intracerebral events is not uncommon, and may aid cerebral perfusion. It does not usually warrant intervention. Seek expert advice on treatment. See the Lothian Guidelines for the treatment of hypertension. Moderate Hypertension: diastolic BP 105-115mmHg • Secondary hypertension is rare and should not be pursued unless there are clear clinical or biochemical clues. • Check fundi, creatinine, ECG for end organ damage. • Urine dipstick. • Check for radiofemoral delay, and renal bruits. • Identify cardiovascular risk factors and treat if necessary e.g. diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking. • Follow Lothian Hypertension guidelines. • Most patients will require more than one agent. SEVERE: diastolic BP >115mmHg • Management is similar to that for moderate hypertension although repeat measurement is less important. • Patients with accelerated phase (‘malignant’) hypertension should be admitted to hospital. • They have evidence of end organ damage. • Atenolol 50mg oral od if no contraindication, an alternative would be Nifedipine LA 30mg orally od. The second drug could be added after 24 hours. • Ix and Rx as above. ENCEPHALOPATHY OR INTRACEREBRAL BLEED • Seek expert opinion. adult medical emergencies handbook | NHS LOTHIAN: UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS DIVISION | 2009/11 145
i Chapter 4 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES SEVERE ACUTE ASTHMA Presentation Breathlessness, wheeze, chest tightness and cough. Often in a patient known to have asthma, but first episode can occur at any age and may be severe. Onset may be rapid (minutes/hours) or gradual over a few days. Severe Episode • Too breathless to complete sentences in one breath. • Respiratory rate of 25 or more. • Heart rate of 110 or more. • PEF
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Adult Medical Emergencies EDITOR Dr
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WGH IN CARDIAC ARREST & LIFE THREAT
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RIE USEFUL BLEEP NUMBERS MED REG (w
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ST JOHN’S THEATRES 1-9 1 ........
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OTHER USEFUL TELEPHONE NUMBERS NAME
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Management of First Seizure in Adul
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Addison’s Disease ...............
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EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION The Adult M
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DISCLAIMER Every effort has been ma
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GENERAL POINTS Medicines • Doses
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i as far as is reasonably possible.
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i GOOD DOCUMENTATION • Write legi
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• Prescribe liquids by writing th
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Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
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MAKING A DECISION ABOUT RESUSCITATI
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THE PATIENT WHO IS NOT COMPETENT TO
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i PATIENT DEATHS • See patients w
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CHECKLIST OF REQUIREMENTS This chec
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ORGAN DONATION Transplants are one
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i Always consider telephoning the G
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i review arrangements. Include: a)
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Immediate investigations are those
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i i NOTES ON INITIAL ASSESSMENT ALG
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i Exposure, evidence and examinatio
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i i 2b. ILLNESS SEVERITY ASSESSMENT
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Observation Chart Date chart commen
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i Illness Severity and Diagnosis (R
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i Watch for the development of card
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SHOCK Definition & Classification
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i Cuff BP by machine may be extreme
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If no bleeding and platelets
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TRANSFUSION REACTION Figure 1: Algo
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of infusing only 5-10mls of blood.
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Table 3: Drugs that may be required
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i i SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK Sepsis
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ANTIBIOTIC MINI-GUIDE FOR ADULTS
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i i • Remember to look for intra-
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i • Commence basic life support (
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ALGORITHM FOR FIRST MEDICAL RESPOND
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ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT The effective
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i DO YOU NEED HELP ? Contact the Ac
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i • Angina (rate related): treat
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DATE: Dear “FIRST SEIZURE” APPO
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Review Collapse Algorithm Identifie
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Loss of consciousness YES Perform:
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07.00 to 17.00 Asymptomatic Normal
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i i ADULT ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT: No
Page 95 and 96: i NON SHOCKABLE RHYTHMS Cardiac arr
Page 97 and 98: • Patients should be pain free an
Page 99 and 100: ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES In order t
Page 101 and 102: IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CORON
Page 103 and 104: CHEST PAIN PATHWAY - NHS LOTHIAN OP
Page 105 and 106: LOTHIAN PRIMARY PCI/PRE-HOSPITAL TH
Page 107 and 108: i Thrombolysis Since the clinical b
Page 109 and 110: Reperfusion therapy not administere
Page 111 and 112: i i MILD-MODERATE LEFT VENTRICULAR
Page 113 and 114: i i Do not hesitate to seek a Cardi
Page 115 and 116: account any subsequently prescribed
Page 117 and 118: i rehab team or the BHF nurse, and/
Page 119 and 120: i i i Referral to ICU should follow
Page 121 and 122: ATRIAL FLUTTER Characterised by rap
Page 123 and 124: i Seek senior cardiology advice reg
Page 125 and 126: Causes • Bradycardia • Electrol
Page 127 and 128: i i In anterior infarction the deve
Page 129 and 130: abnormalities develop i.e. second o
Page 131 and 132: i VASCULAR EMERGENCIES ACUTE THORAC
Page 133 and 134: i ACUTE STROKE Stroke is a Medical
Page 135 and 136: STROKE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: COND
Page 137 and 138: ACUTE STROKE INTEGRATED CARE PATHWA
Page 139 and 140: ST JOHN’S HOSPITAL CARE PATHWAY A
Page 141 and 142: Role of D-dimer D-Dimer is helpful
Page 143 and 144: i Thrombolysis bolus alteplase (rtP
Page 145: i MANAGEMENT OF THE ACUTELY ISCHAEM
Page 149 and 150: i i • Decreased respiratory and h
Page 151 and 152: i i • Co-morbidity. • Multiloba
Page 153 and 154: other factors. Consult local antibi
Page 155 and 156: Antibiotics • Amoxicillin (amoxyc
Page 157 and 158: MANAGEMENT OF SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHO
Page 159 and 160: • Look at the CXR and mark intuba
Page 161 and 162: pack. Advance slowly along the infi
Page 163 and 164: Figure 1a - preparing to insert a c
Page 165 and 166: i i MANAGEMENT OF CHEST DRAINS •
Page 167 and 168: Features of a major bleed? • Tach
Page 169 and 170: i i Contact GI Registrar. ROCKALL S
Page 171 and 172: i i • Blood, urine and ascitic fl
Page 173 and 174: • For alcoholic liver disease: th
Page 175 and 176: Known IBD • Exclude infection. Mi
Page 177 and 178: • Are any drugs implicated e.g. o
Page 179 and 180: ACUTE PANCREATITIS Determine severi
Page 181 and 182: then it would be more appropriate t
Page 183 and 184: RIE/WGH ACUTE SURGICAL ADMISSION IN
Page 185 and 186: i i VASCULAR: renal artery disease
Page 187 and 188: • Examine the urine: proteinuria
Page 189 and 190: i 1. IMMEDIATE ACTION: STABILISATIO
Page 191 and 192: METABOLIC ACIDOSIS CAUSES OF METABO
Page 193 and 194: i MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOS
Page 195 and 196: i Electrolyte replacement • Despi
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• Screen for myocardial infarctio
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• Monitor respiratory rate, ECG,
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Consider Precipitating Factors: •
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likely to be either GKI or sliding
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• If capillary blood glucose is g
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COMMON SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA Au
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Always discuss with the metabolic r
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• Abdominal pain • Depression
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• Hypoparathyroidism, surgical.
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i TREATMENT Oral • Sando K 2-3 ta
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• Measurement of plasma renin act
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Flow Chart for the assessment and m
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Chapter 7 NEUROLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
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AETIOLOGY OF COMA Primary neurologi
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EPILEPTIC SEIZURES Epilepsy is a sy
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i DRUGS Initial treatment is with D
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INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION AND VENT
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LIKELY ORGANISMS • Depend on age,
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TENTORIAL HERNIATION AND CONING •
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• CT scan if focal neurology, rai
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• Assessment of cognition can be
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ACUTE AGITATED CONFUSION IN AN OLDE
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• Drugs: - polypharmacy (>4 drugs
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i Chapter 9 EMEGENCIES IN HAEMATOLO
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on waking, and may be aggravated by
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EMERGENCIES IN PALLIATIVE CARE Emer
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SEIZURES IN PALLIATIVE CARE Seizure
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NALOXONE IN PALLIATIVE CARE Naloxon
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CARE OF THE DYING PATIENT If you th
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THE ROLE OF JUNIOR MEDICAL STAFF IN
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• Ensure adequate ventilation. Tr
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• Paracetamol and salicylate conc
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MANAGEMENT OF COMMON POISONINGS Par
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i i treatment schedule should be us
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i Toxicity Serious toxicity from pu
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conscious level. • Correct electr
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• Correct metabolic acidosis with
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i SEPSIS • Any age, any joint, ma
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Reactive Arthritis • Bed rest plu
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N.B. Remember spontaneous bacterial
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i ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL MANAGEMENT Ens
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ACUTE DISTURBANCE Guide for medical
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detention certificate must state th
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a person there. Under an EDC, treat
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Appendix 1 SHARING DIFFICULT INFORM
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1. Write down or review what you ar
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CHECKLIST OF REQUIREMENTS This chec
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i • Reactions vary: distress, ang
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• Damaged syringes and siphonage:
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Start-up time (Syringe pumps) What
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• HR increases by 17% and stroke
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PAEDIATRIC FBAO TREATMENT Assess se
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CONSENT TO MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR CH
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CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION It would
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c) Drugs and catheterisation pack -
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR ANAESTHETIST + ODP
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DRUGS - CIRCULATING NURSE 1. MAKE S
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HELP - NURSE / RESIDENT The followi
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RECOVERY & FURTHER TREATMENT With r
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MAJOR HAEMORRHAGE PROTOCOL 314 adul
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Useful links The Anaphylaxis campai
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Adult Medical Emergency Handbook - Scottish Intensive Care Society

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