HELLO from KOREA

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History 19 _ History Legend has it that in 2333 B.C., a semi-divine being named Dangun founded a kingdom called Joseon on the Korean Peninsula. Koreans regard that year as the founding date of the Korean nation. In the more than 4,000 years since then, the Korean people have been consistent in preserving traditional concepts and values and yet have quickly, and skillfully adapted to changing circumstances. While this brief chapter cannot hope to do justice to the richness of Korean history, it is hoped that the reader will be able to learn about some of the events which helped form this nation. The Beginning Scholars generally believe that the earliest kingdoms or states on the Korean Peninsula first began to form during the Bronze Age (1000 B.C.-300 B.C.). Of these, the kingdom supposedly founded by Dangun, generally known as Gojoseon or Old Joseon, soon emerged as the strongest, and had consolidated its power by the beginning in the fourth century B.C. As Old Joseon's strength grew, China became more and more concerned. Therefore, the Chinese Emperor Han Wuti launched an invasion in 109 B.C. and destroyed the kingdom the following year. Within a century, though, a new kingdom called Goguryeo (37 B.C.- A.D. 668) emerged in the northern half of the peninsula. Goguryeo was a nation of warriors led by aggressive and valiant kings such as King Gwanggaeto (r. 391-410). It conquered neighboring tribes one after another, and expanded in virtually every direction. At its height, its territory thrust deep into Manchuria and stretched well
20 _ HELLO from KOREA into the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. A new kingdom named Baekje (18 B.C.-A.D. 660) developed south of the Hangang River in the vicinity of present day Seoul. The people of Baekje were more peaceful than the ferocious warriors of Goguryeo, and they moved south to avoid the threat of their northern rival. By the fourth century, Baekje was firmly established as a prosperous and civilized state, trading extensively with its overseas neighbors. In fact, Baekje served as an important bridge for the transmission of mainland culture to Japan by passing on Buddhism, Chinese characters, and political and social institutions. A Baekje scholar, Wang In, even taught a Japanese Crown Prince. Silla (57 B.C.-A.D. 668), farthest from China, was at first the weakest and least The tombstone for Goguryeo King Gwanggaeto (r.391-413), built in 414 in Tonggou, Jian city, Jilin province in China, proves that the territories of the Goguryeo Kingdom (37B.C.- A.D.668) extended well into what is now northeastern China. developed of the three kingdoms. The last to adopt foreign creeds and ideas, its society was markedly class-oriented. But Silla grew quickly, drawing resources from its unique Hwarang (an elite youth group) corps and Buddhist teachings. By the mid-sixth century, Silla had consolidated its power and territory and formed a military alliance with Tang China to subjugate both Goguryeo and Baekje. The Silla-Tang forces were successful, and the peninsula was unified for the first time in 668. Following this, the survivors of the Goguryeo Kingdom repulsed Tang forces in Manchuria and the northern part of the peninsula and established the Kingdom of Balhae in 698. Although politically separate, the three kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla were related ethnically and linguistically. Each of them devel-
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