HELLO from KOREA

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uling class of Balhae consisted mostly of Goguryeo (i.e. Korean) people. Balhae declared itself the successor to Goguryeo, and sometimes called itself Goryeo-guk (state of Goryeo). Balhae's political system resembled that of Tang, and its capital, Sanggyeong, was modelled on the Tang capital, Chang-an. Its distinctive culture drew from both Tang and Goguryeo . When Balhae was overrun by the Khitan in the beginning of the 10 th century, its ruling class took refuge in the newly established state of Goryeo . Dabotap Pagoda in Bulguksa Temple (Silla) 23 _ History Goryeo The founding monarch of Goryeo (935~1392), Wang Geon, was a general who had served under a rebel prince of Silla. Choosing his native town Songdo, the present-day Gaeseong, located about 60km north of Seoul, as the seat of his kingdom, he proclaimed a policy to recover the lost territory of Goguryeo in Manchuria. He therefore named his kingdom Goryeo, from which the modern name Korea is derived. From the outset, the royal court of Goryeo adopted Buddhism as the state religion. It flourished greatly, stimulating temple construction and the carving of Buddhist images as well as icon paintings, but temples and monks came to wield excessive power, and during the kingdom's later years, conflicts between scholar officials and warriors and between Confucianists and Buddhists weakened it. The Mongol incursions which
24 _ HELLO from KOREA Geunjeongjeon, the throne hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace began in 1231 resulted in a Mongol occupation of Goryeo for nearly a century. Joseon Cofucianism was introduced into Korea around the beginning of the Christian era, almost at the same time as the earliest written Chinese. It was not, however, until the Joseon Dynasty(1392-1910) that Confucianism began to dominate Korean society. The founder of the Joseon Dynasty, Yi Seong-gye (posthumous name, King Taejo), used the influence of Confucian intellectuals to overthrow the Goryeo Dynasty. He moved the capital from Gaeseong, where the Buddhist influence was still strong, to Seoul in 1394, thus making Seoul one of the oldest capitals in the world. Thereafter, Confucianism permeated all areas of life in Korea. The Joseon rulers governed with a well-balanced, sophisticated political system, based on Confucian principles. To become a government official, one needed to take the gwageo, civil service examination, which
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