HELLO from KOREA

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oped a sophisticated political structure and legal system and adopted Confucian ethics and Buddhism. Unified Silla and Balhae For two and a half centuries, Silla enjoyed peace and prosperity. Freed from the worries of domestic conflicts and external invasions, it achieved rapid development in the arts, religion, commerce, education and all other fields. The Royal tombs in Gyeongju, the capital of the Silla Kingdom (57 B.C.-A.D. 935) (above) A Baekje bronze incense burner (below) Silla capital, present-day Gyeongju, had a population of over one million and boasted magnificent royal palaces and Buddhist temples. Buddhism flourished under the patronage of the nobility and the court, and exerted tremendous influence upon state affairs, artistic creation and ethics. Some of Korea's outstanding historical monuments are attributed to the creative genius and religious fervor of the artisans of this time. Among them are Bulguksa Temple and Seokguram Grotto, both located in the vicinity of Gyeongju. Silla reached the peak of its prosperity and power in the mid-eighth century, but gradually declined thereafter. Conflicts among the nobility intensified, while rebel leaders claimed succession to the earlier dynasties of Goguryeo and Baekje. In 935 the king of Silla yielded power to Wang Geon
22 _ HELLO from KOREA Kim Yu-sin (595 ~ 673) In the Silla Kingdom, talented young men were chosen to be members of the Hwarang (an elite youth group). They were trained in academics, philosophy, and the classics, morals, and in the military arts: horseback riding, swordsmanship, archery and strategy and the cultural arts: poetry, painting, music and dancing. They followed five rules set by the famous Buddhist monk Wongwang: 1) to be loyal to the king; 2) to obey parents; 3) to be faithful to friends; 4) never to retreat in battle and 5) not to kill unless necessary. It was through the efforts of the Hwarang that the peninsula was unified. Among them, Kim Yu-sin ranks among the best. Considered the greatest Silla general, Kim Yu-sin won some spectacular victories which allowed Silla to unify the country. Born an aristocrat, Kim Yu-sin dreamed of becoming a great warrior and began military training early. He joined the Hwarang at the age of 15, and by 18, was considered a master swordsman. But he fell in love with a gisaeng, a female entertainer similar to the Japanese geisha. This turned out to have a tragic ending. Unable to concentrate on his studies he went to visit her every night. His mother found out about this and reprimanded him severely, so he decided to abandon his lover to continue his studies. One day, after returning from a training session, he fell asleep on his horse. The horse, accustomed to stopping by the gisaeng's house everyday, took Kim there. Upon waking up, Kim was shaken and in front of his lover, killed his horse to make sure he would never return to her again. His lover killed herself, and Kim went off by himself to train in the mountains for seven years. When he emerged, he quickly demonstrated his skills, and was soon made a commander in the Silla army. By the time Silla had become allied with the Tang China forces in 655, Kim was in command of the Silla forces. They captured the capital of Baekje in 660, and in 668, they were finally able to defeat Goguryeo. Kim Yu-sin was well rewarded by the king for his efforts and lived comfortably until the ripe old age of 78. (posthumous name, King Taejo), founder of the Goryeo Dynasty. Subsequent to the fall of Goguryeo, Dae Jo-yeong, a former Goguryeo general, formed an army of Goguryeo and Malgal (a Tungusic tribe) people, and led a migration to Chinese-controlled territory. They settled eventually near Jilin in Manchuria, and there founded a state which was at first called Chin, but in 713 was renamed Balhae (Bohai in Chinese). Balhae soon gained control of most of the former Goguryeo territory. The
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