HELLO from KOREA

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The Founding of the Republic On August 15, 1945, Japan unconditionally surrendered to the Allied Powers shortly after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, Korea was finally liberated, and regained its independence after thirty-five years of colonial rule. The Korean people were overjoyed, but this joy was shortlived. Ideological conflict broke out, and the people were divided over who should rule. Soviet forces quickly occupied the northern part of the peninsula, while U.S. forces moved into the southern part, under an accord reached at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945. On May 10, 1948, general elections were held in the South alone, and on August 15, the Daehanminguk, or the Republic of Korea (ROK), was officially established with Seoul as its capital and Syngman Rhee as President. Almost concurrently, a Communist regime was established in the North with Kim I1-sung as the ruler with virtually absolute power. On September 9, 1948, the Joseon Minjujuui Inmin Gonghwaguk, or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), was officially established in the North with Pyeongyang as its capital. On June 25, 1950, North Korea launched a full-scale invasion of the South. After initial success, the N.K. forces were repulsed by combined U.N. forces, and pushed back to the Amnokgang River. The People's Republic of China then intervened and soon the two sides were at a stalemate near the 38th parallel. A ceasefire agreement was signed on July 27, 1953. During the three years of war, the entire land was devastated, and the economy was wrecked. Millions of people were left homeless and separated from their families. The damage went far beyond that, though, as this war in which Koreans fought against Koreans hardened the division between the North and South and left scars which still last today. After the war, the country obviously faced many problems. Syngman Rhee became increasingly autocratic, and by the late 1950s, he dominated Korean politics. Demonstrations broke out in protest, and on April 19, 1960, the student-led popular uprising later known as the Sailgu (April 19) Revolution broke out, which forced Rhee to step down. 31 _ History
32 _ HELLO from KOREA The Constitution was amended and in August 1960, Yun Po-sun was sworn in as President of the Second Republic, with Chang Myon as Prime Minister. This administration continued until May 16, 1961, when a military coup led by General Park Chunghee took control of the government. He was later elected president. Under his leadership, rapid economic development began to take place. In 1972, Park had the Costitution revised again to establish the Yusin, Korean soldiers recapturing Seoul in September 1950. Revitalizing Reforms, system, inaugurating the Fourth Republic. The Yusin system gave Park even more power and allowed him to stay in power virtually indefinitely. Park was assassinated by an associate of his in October, 1979, and Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah became acting president. But his rule was extremely brief. On December 12, 1979, General Chun Doo-hwan came into power in a coup-like military revolt, and was elected president on August 27, 1980. In May of 1980, there was a pro-democracy uprising in the southwestern city of Gwangju, which was later known as the Gwangju Democratization Movement. Many students and citizens who were protesting Chun's autocratic rule and fighting for democracy were killed or wounded by army troops sent to suppress them.
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