CORDIO Status Report 2000

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Sea surface temperature in the western and central Indian Ocean Compiled by: DAVID OBURA <strong>CORDIO</strong> – East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya DATA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Chagos - C. Sheppard; Kenya: 92-94, 97-98: D. Obura. 95-97: S. Mwangi; Maldives – S. Clark; South Africa – L. Celliers; Zanzibar – C. Muhando. SST Anomaly map: NOAA. LONG TERM RECORDS Annual peaks in sea temperature occur in the first half of each year, as the sun moves northwards after heating the sea-surface during the southern summer. Long term records in the central Indian Ocean indicate a distinct warming trend (Chagos, Maldives) of almost 1 o C over the last 30 to 50 years, leading up to the highest recorded maximum during the El Niño Southern Oscillation in early 1998. THE EFFECT OF EL NIÑO The sea surface temperature anomaly map shows the position of the high in April 1998, having moved northwards from a position off Madagascar and Mozambique in February, and finishing in the Gulf of Aden in May. SHORT TERM RECORDS Monitoring of water temperatures on reefs started in East Africa in 1992 using hand-held thermometers and subsequently automated temperature loggers. Initially, records were used to document seasonal changes, extending now to daily and even hourly changes (Kirugara, this volume). Distinct daily patterns of warming during the day and cooling at night are the norm, superimposed on tidal and seasonally-influenced changes, and local topographic and current effects. METHODS Sea-surface temperature measurements are now being taken by a number of different methods, including spot measurements using thermometers during field visits, automated measurement by in-situ temperature loggers, ship-based temperature measurements and satellite remote-sensing of sea-surface temperature. With increasing variety of methods and number of locations monitored, standardization among methods will become more important, to account for differences in resolution in space and time, depth of measurements and daily variations (e.g. see McClanahan, this volume). LOCAL FACTORS THAT INCREASE TEMPERATURE Research on a semi-enclosed lagoon in Kenya (Kirugara, this volume) has shown that maximum heat transfer to lagoon waters occurs due to the coincidence of spring low tides with maximum sun height at midday. Exposed reef surfaces heated during spring lows transfer their heat to flooding water resulting in a distinct temperature peak during the flooding tide that persists for several days. The effects of this regular temperature increase on local coral adaptation, and conversely, on the absolute magnitude of an El Niño-related high temperature anomaly, are likely to be important. – 127 –
LOCAL FACTORS THAT DECREASE TEMPERATURE Several factors have been identified that might reduce the absolute magnitude of the El Niño-related high temperature anomaly. Understanding where and how these factors might protect sites from bleaching may be important for management and conservation. 1. Upwelling of cooler water due to continental shelf and/or reef bank topography 2. Temperature loss through exchange and mixing of water along fore-reefs and in lagoon channels, and potentially with the air in shallow bays. 3. Cyclones causing reductions in water heating through cloud cover, and mixing with deeper waters due to wind. – 128 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
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Foreword The temperatures of the wo
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Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
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Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
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Executive Summary The World Conserv
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to date. Working group discussions
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Biophysical Generally, region-wide
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species exhibit different tolerance
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er-term, “shifting baselines” i
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flow diagram presented below. CORDI
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SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
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East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
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Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
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BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
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Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
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% cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
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Table 3: Population densities and s
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Assessment of coral reef degradatio
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Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
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live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
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Table 5. Some environmental paramet
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Coral reef monitoring and managemen
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L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
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category) and size classes (total n
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The status of South African coral r
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South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
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SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
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corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
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Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
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Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
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shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
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Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
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In each of these regions three reef
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Table 4. Summary data from transect
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The status of the coral reefs of In
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Relative importance in total landin
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Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
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Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
Page 78 and 79: The reefs of the granitic islands o
Page 80 and 81: onies damaged was recorded using th
Page 82 and 83: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 84 and 85: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 86 and 87: Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
Page 88 and 89: Reef systems of the islands of the
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
Page 92 and 93: At the Bank’s northern and southe
Page 94 and 95: chelles (Turner et al., this volume
Page 96 and 97: the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99: Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101: 2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103: Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105: Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107: solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109: Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113: Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
Page 114 and 115: that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117: Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
Page 118 and 119: In April 1998, close to the peak of
Page 120 and 121: Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
Page 122 and 123: Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
Page 126 and 127: SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
Page 130 and 131: Temperature and water exchange in a
Page 132 and 133: Figure 2a. Time series temperature
Page 134 and 135: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 136 and 137: Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
Page 140 and 141: Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
Page 142 and 143: SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
Page 144 and 145: Socio-economic assessment of the im
Page 146 and 147: to escape predation (Williams, 1991
Page 148 and 149: Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
Page 150 and 151: mersal species have not been heavil
Page 152 and 153: Therefore, it must be concluded tha
Page 154 and 155: ▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
Page 156 and 157: very few come specifically for reef
Page 158 and 159: Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
Page 160 and 161: Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
Page 162 and 163: has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
Page 164 and 165: Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
Page 166 and 167: Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
Page 168 and 169: to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
Page 170 and 171: Evaluation of succession and coral
Page 172 and 173: within each depth zone (5 m and 10
Page 174 and 175: The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
Page 176 and 177: dives, this study has demonstrated
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Bioerosive processes An important a
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each of the three different fish co
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Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
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Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
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A low-tech method for reef rehabili
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Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
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anching and massive corals (Plate 1
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es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
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strate that supports a low percenta
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egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
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