CORDIO Status Report 2000

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The status of the coral reefs of India following the bleaching event of 1998 LIDA PET-SOEDE 1 , MOHIDEEN WAFAR 2 , K. VENKATARAMAN 3 , P.T. RAJAN 3 and DAN WILHELMSSON 4 1 Independent Consultant & Institute of Environmental Studies, Free University Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India. 3 Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biological Station, Chennai, India. 4 <strong>CORDIO</strong> – South Asia, c/o SACEP, Colombo, Sri Lanka INTRODUCTION The major reef formations in India are restricted to the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Gulf of Kutch, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands (Hoon, 1997; Wilkinson, 1998) (Figure 1). Each area, particularly the Gulf of Mannar, faces specific problems resulting from anthropogenic influences such as high fishing pressure (trawls), high sedimentation from poor upland and coastal agriculture practices, and high levels of pollution. Furthermore, the reefs of Lakshadweep and Nicobar Islands are considered the most polluted in the Indian Ocean because the seas around them serve as major routes for oil tankers (Bakus, 1994). STATUS OF CORAL REEFS The bleaching event in 1998 affected the coral reefs of India to various extents, with Andaman and Nicobar Islands suffering the greatest mortality of coral (up to 80%) followed by the Lakshadweep (43% - 87%) and the reefs of the Gulf of Mannar (an average of 60%). The corals of the Gulf of Kutch were less affected (
22ºN Okha Beliapani Reef Dwarka Cheriapani Reef Bitra Perumul Par Agatti Great Rann of Kutch Gulf of Kutch Pitti Pirotan Karumbhar Chetlat Kiltan Kadmat Amini 70ºE Karavatti Little Rann of Kutch Jodiya Jamnagar Saurashtra Peninsula 73ºE Androth Elikalpeni Bank 92ºE 94ºE Andaman Is. North Andaman North Reef Interview South Sentinel Baratang South Andaman Rutland Narcondum Mayabandar Middle Andaman Cinque Is. Hut Bay Little Andaman Barren 14ºN 12ºN Ritchie's Archipelago Port Blair Live Cover 25.8% Sand 9.3% Dead Coral 64.9% Figure 2. Benthic cover types recorded from the reefs of the Gulf of Mannar. Sorce: Venkataraman, unpublished report. 10ºN 9ºN Tuticorin Vembar Karaichalli Vilanguchalli Kasuwar Van Tivu Gulf of Kutch 20ºN 10ºN Suheli Nine Degree Channel Kilakarai Nallatanni Lakshadweep Islands MALDIVES Lakshadweep Islands 79ºE Appa Minicoy Mandi Musal Cheriyam Kalpeni Pamban Pass Shingle Krusadai Pullivasal Gulf of Mannar INDIA Gulf of Mannar Figure 1. Coral reef areas of India. Rameswaram SRI LANKA Adams Bridge Ten Degree Channel Chaura Tarasa Dwip Car Nicobar Bati Malv Tillanchong Bompoka Katchall Nicobar Is. Little Nicobar Great Nicobar Bay of Bengal Andaman Islands 10ºN Camorta Nicobar Islands 8ºN bleached, but the extent of post bleaching mortality has not been established. Although some qualitative observations report bleaching and some coral mortality at several reefs, quantitative data are not available primarily because line transects performed last season did not specifically record bleached areas. THE IMPORTANCE OF REEF FISHERIES IN INDIA When discussing the importance of reef fisheries for a country, it is important to distinguish between its importance in providing food, foreign currency and employment. In India, the reef fishery is not very important in terms of total fish landings or earnings when compared to other fishing sectors such as the demersal fishery in the shallow coastal areas or the tuna fishery around islands of Lakshadweep. Most Indian fishers make their living from either the pelagic fisheries, the prawn trawl fishery or the small-scale demersal fishery. However, the focus of India’s fisheries are likely to change due to increasing demand from foreign markets for high quality reef fish such as grouper and snapper and also because of over capitalisation and exploitation of coastal shelf areas. So whereas reefs are hardly considered important for the fishery at present they may become so. – 70 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
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Foreword The temperatures of the wo
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Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
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Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
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Executive Summary The World Conserv
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to date. Working group discussions
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Biophysical Generally, region-wide
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species exhibit different tolerance
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er-term, “shifting baselines” i
Page 20 and 21: flow diagram presented below. CORDI
Page 22 and 23: SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
Page 24 and 25: East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
Page 26 and 27: Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
Page 28 and 29: BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
Page 32 and 33: % cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Page 34 and 35: Table 3: Population densities and s
Page 36 and 37: Assessment of coral reef degradatio
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
Page 40 and 41: live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
Page 42 and 43: Table 5. Some environmental paramet
Page 44 and 45: Coral reef monitoring and managemen
Page 46 and 47: L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
Page 48 and 49: category) and size classes (total n
Page 50 and 51: The status of South African coral r
Page 52 and 53: South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
Page 54 and 55: SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
Page 56 and 57: corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
Page 60 and 61: Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
Page 62 and 63: shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
Page 64 and 65: Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
Page 66 and 67: In each of these regions three reef
Page 68 and 69: Table 4. Summary data from transect
Page 72 and 73: Relative importance in total landin
Page 74 and 75: Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
Page 76 and 77: Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
Page 78 and 79: The reefs of the granitic islands o
Page 80 and 81: onies damaged was recorded using th
Page 82 and 83: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 84 and 85: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 86 and 87: Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
Page 88 and 89: Reef systems of the islands of the
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
Page 92 and 93: At the Bank’s northern and southe
Page 94 and 95: chelles (Turner et al., this volume
Page 96 and 97: the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99: Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101: 2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103: Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105: Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107: solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109: Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113: Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
Page 114 and 115: that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117: Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
Page 118 and 119: In April 1998, close to the peak of
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Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
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Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
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REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
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SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
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Sea surface temperature in the west
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Temperature and water exchange in a
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Figure 2a. Time series temperature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
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REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
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Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
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SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
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Socio-economic assessment of the im
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to escape predation (Williams, 1991
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Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
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mersal species have not been heavil
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Therefore, it must be concluded tha
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▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
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very few come specifically for reef
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Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
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Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
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has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
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Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
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Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
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to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
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Evaluation of succession and coral
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within each depth zone (5 m and 10
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The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
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dives, this study has demonstrated
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Bioerosive processes An important a
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each of the three different fish co
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Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
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Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
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A low-tech method for reef rehabili
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Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
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anching and massive corals (Plate 1
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es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
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strate that supports a low percenta
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egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
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- 207 -
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