CORDIO Status Report 2000

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Assessment of coral reef degradation in Tanzania: Results of coral reef monitoring 1999. MOHAMMED S. MOHAMMED 1 , CHRISTOPHER MUHANDO 1 and HAJI MACHANO 2 1 Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 2 Department of Environment, Zanzibar, Tanzania. INTRODUCTION Coral reefs play a crucial role in the well being of coastal communities in Tanzania (Johnstone et al., 1998; Muhando, 1999). However, despite their usefulness, coral reefs are being degraded by destructive anthropogenic activities (Salm et al., 1998) and natural causes (e.g., competition, predation, diseases, bleaching, etc.). The coral bleaching and mortality event of March - June 1998 was the most serious natural calamity ever recorded in the Indian Ocean (Wilkinson, et al., 1999). Several areas along the coast of Tanzania were affected. The degree of coral mortality varied between sites, from 60% - 90% at Tutia Reef in Mafia Island Marine Park and Misali Reef on the west coast of Pemba, to approximately 10% on reefs around Unguja Island, Zanzibar (Muhando, 1999). After the bleaching and coral mortality, the status of Tanzanian reefs became unclear and it was apparent that there was a need to assess and monitor the extent of coral mortality and its effects on reef ecosystems, as well as socio-economic effects (fisheries and tourism). Three teams were formed. The first dealt with the assessment and monitoring of coral reefs, the second with socio-economic effects and the third team investigated specific issues relevant to coral bleaching, mortality and recovery. The objectives of the coral reef assessment and monitoring team were to assess and monitor a) benthic cover, b) the distribution and density of ecologically important macrobenthos, and c) reef fish distribution and composition. This presentation is a summary of reef assessment and monitoring results for 1999. METHODS Monitoring was carried out at reefs at Unguja (Zanzibar) Island (Chapwani, Changuu, Bawe, Chumbe and Kwale), Misali Island (West of Pemba Island), off the Kunduchi coast in Dar es Salaam (Mbudya and Bongoyo), at Mafia Island Marine Park (Tutia, Msumbiji and Utumbi) and at Mnazi Bay (Chamba cha Matenga, Chamba cha Kati and Kitelele)(Figure 1). The sites had variable exposure to waves (protected or semi-exposed) and tidal current strength (strong, medium, weak) (Table 1). At each site, a mixture of random and permanent transects were used to sample benthic cover. Permanent transects were recorded using the Line-Intercept Transect (LIT) method (English et al., 1994), with varying lengths of 10 m or 20 m recording a total length of 20 m – 40 m per site. Random transects were recorded using a Line-Point Transect (LPT) method, dividing a 50 m transect into two hundred points at intervals of 25 cm (Allison, 1996). With the exception of sites at Mafia that were sampled using nine and 10 LPT’s, most sites – 35 –
Figure 1. Map of the distribution of coral reefs in Tanzania illustrating each site at which monitoring was conducted. Tanga 39ºE 40ºE Misali Tanga Reef Reefs Pemba 5ºS Pemba Island Bawe and Chumbe Reefs Zanzibar 6ºS Misali Bongoyo and Mbudya Reefs Dar-es-Salaam TANZANIA Indian Ocean 7ºS Mafia Tutia and Pange Reefs Songo Songo Archipelago 8ºS Zanzibar Channel Unguja Island 9ºS Chapwani Changuu Bawe Chumbe Kwale Mnazi Bay 10ºS Dar es Salaam Mbudya Bongoyo Mnazi Bay Chamba cha Kati Chamba cha Matenga Kitelele Mafia Island Utumbi Msumbiji Tutia – 36 –
Page 2 and 3: CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The temperatures of the wo
Page 6 and 7: Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
Page 8 and 9: Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary The World Conserv
Page 12 and 13: to date. Working group discussions
Page 14 and 15: Biophysical Generally, region-wide
Page 16 and 17: species exhibit different tolerance
Page 18 and 19: er-term, “shifting baselines” i
Page 20 and 21: flow diagram presented below. CORDI
Page 22 and 23: SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
Page 24 and 25: East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
Page 26 and 27: Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
Page 28 and 29: BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
Page 32 and 33: % cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Page 34 and 35: Table 3: Population densities and s
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
Page 40 and 41: live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
Page 42 and 43: Table 5. Some environmental paramet
Page 44 and 45: Coral reef monitoring and managemen
Page 46 and 47: L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
Page 48 and 49: category) and size classes (total n
Page 50 and 51: The status of South African coral r
Page 52 and 53: South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
Page 54 and 55: SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
Page 56 and 57: corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
Page 60 and 61: Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
Page 62 and 63: shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
Page 64 and 65: Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
Page 66 and 67: In each of these regions three reef
Page 68 and 69: Table 4. Summary data from transect
Page 70 and 71: The status of the coral reefs of In
Page 72 and 73: Relative importance in total landin
Page 74 and 75: Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
Page 76 and 77: Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
Page 78 and 79: The reefs of the granitic islands o
Page 80 and 81: onies damaged was recorded using th
Page 82 and 83: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 84 and 85: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
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Reef systems of the islands of the
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Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
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At the Bank’s northern and southe
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chelles (Turner et al., this volume
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the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
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Development of a geographical infor
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2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
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Meteorological data from the period
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Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
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solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
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Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111:
Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
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that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117:
Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
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In April 1998, close to the peak of
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Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
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Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
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REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
Page 126 and 127:
SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
Page 128 and 129:
Sea surface temperature in the west
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Temperature and water exchange in a
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Figure 2a. Time series temperature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 136 and 137:
Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
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REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
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Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
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SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
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Socio-economic assessment of the im
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to escape predation (Williams, 1991
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Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
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mersal species have not been heavil
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Therefore, it must be concluded tha
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▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
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very few come specifically for reef
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Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
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Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
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has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
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Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
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Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
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to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
Page 170 and 171:
Evaluation of succession and coral
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within each depth zone (5 m and 10
Page 174 and 175:
The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
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dives, this study has demonstrated
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Bioerosive processes An important a
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each of the three different fish co
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Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
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Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
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A low-tech method for reef rehabili
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Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
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anching and massive corals (Plate 1
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es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
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strate that supports a low percenta
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egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
Page 208 and 209:
- 207 -
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CORDIO Status Report 2000

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