CORDIO Status Report 2000

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corals in Sri Lanka is relatively high, with 183 species from 68 genera recorded (Rajasuriya & De Silva, 1988; Rajasuriya, 1994). In Sri Lanka coral reefs are important for the fisheries industry, coastal protection and tourism. However, the overall condition of reefs is poor due to damage caused by various human activities and natural causes such as the Crown-of-thorns starfish (De Bruin, 1972; De Silva, 1985; Rajasuriya & De Silva, 1988; Öhman et al., 1993; Rajasuriya et al., 1995). The primary anthropogenic activities causing degradation of coral reefs are mining of coral from nearshore reefs, use of destructive fishing practices, uncontrolled harvesting of reef biota, pollution and siltation resulting from deforestation and other improper land-use activities. Also, the Crown-ofthorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) has been one of the major natural causes of reef damage on the north-western and eastern coasts of Sri Lanka (De Bruin, 1972; Rajasuriya & Rathnapriya, 1994; Rajasuriya et al., 1995; Rajasuriya & Wood, 1997). In addition, the bleaching event in 1998 caused severe mortality among corals in shallow water (Rajasuriya & White, 1998; Rajasuriya et al., 1999). The history of coral reef management in Sri Lanka is poor. Management actions have been initiated from time to time depending on the importance of management issues. In the past, such issues have been coral mining in the sea, exploitation of species and destructive fishing methods. However, actions taken to control these have been limited mainly to the introduction of new regulations under existing ordinances or parliamentary acts. Ground level action to actually protect coral reef resources have been largely unsuccessful (De Silva, 1985; Rajasuriya et al., 1995; De Silva, 1997a; Dayaratne et al., 1997). The reef monitoring programme of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) has documented the status of reefs in Sri Lanka since 1985 and has contributed to national level action plans for the protection of coral reefs and their resources. At present, funding from the national government, Sida/SAREC Marine Science Programme and CORDIO (Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean) support coral reef monitoring and conservation activities of NARA. As one of the activities within the CORDIO programme, NARA has initiated a study to determine the impact of coral mortality on the marine ornamental fishes of Sri Lanka. Data describing collections and exports are being collected from the marine ornamental fish traders and the Sri Lanka Customs Department in order to identify any major changes in the ornamental fishery as a result of the coral bleaching event in 1998. SITE SELECTION AND SURVEY METHODS Survey sites were selected from reef sites monitored periodically by NARA. Information provided by ornamental fish divers concerning specific sites on the east coast was also taken into consideration when selecting sites. In addition, the depth of water was considered important as corals and other zooxanthellate organisms close to the surface were affected more by bleaching than organisms in deeper waters. The depth of all shallow coral reef habitats selected ranged between 0 m and 10 m and deeper coral and other habitats were situated between 10 m and 40 m. A total of 21 locations were surveyed between June 1998 and February 2000 (Table 1 and Figure 1). Two sites (Hikkaduwa and Weligama) were selected on the southern coast to obtain photographic records of bleaching and to determine the post-bleaching status of selected reef building corals. Numbered plastic tags were attached to these colonies and each colony was photographed once every two weeks. The status of each reef was determined by recording the benthic organisms on 50 m Line Intercept Transects (LIT) and within quadrats of 1 m 2 (English et al., 1997). Belt transects measuring 50 m x 5 m were used to determine the abundance of reef organisms and associated fish communities (English et al., 1997). Surveys were conducted using snorkel and S.C.U.B.A.. In addition, the manta-tow technique was also used for rapid surveys in order to ob- – 55 –
Table 1. Locations and reef sites surveyed as part of NARA’s /CORDIO national monitoring programme. Site Location and name of reef (Reef site) App. distances Depth range (m) Type of habitat No. from shore (Km) 1 Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary (Shallow reefs) 2 –8 0 – 10 coral 2 Kandakuliya (Kudawa reef) 1 – 1.5 0 - 3 coral 3 Kandakuliya (Diyamba reef) 2 – 4 10 - 22 sandstone & coralline 4 Negombo (Negombo Suda) 19 18 - 22 coral 5 Colombo (Pitagala) 10 20 - 25 coral 6 Colombo (Gigiripita) 15 20 - 30 coral 7 Colombo (Palagala) 1 9 – 11 sandstone & coralline 8 Colombo (Vatiya reef) 4 25 - 30 sandstone & coralline 9 Moratuwa (Itipandama) 1.5 8 - 12 sandstone & coralline 10 Moratuwa (Bodhigala) 2.5 20 - 23 sandstone & coralline 11 Panadura (Rudigegala) 3 13 - 17 sandstone & coralline 12 Hikkaduwa N. R. (reef lagoon) fringing reef 0 – 3 coral 13 Hikkaduwa (Supercoral reef) 0.3 – 0.4 7 - 13 coral & rock 14 Hikkaduwa (Kiralagala) 5 27 - 35 rock 15 Rumassala (Galle) fringing reef 0 - 5 coral 16 Unawatuna (Welladewale reef & Diyamba reef) fringing reef 0 - 6 coral 17 Weligama (Kapparatota reef) fringing reef 0 – 3 coral 18 Great Basses Reef 11 2 – 30 rock, sandstone & coralline 19 Kalmunai, Batticoloa 1 – 8 2 - 42 coral & sandstone 20 Trincomalee (Elephant island & Chapel rocks) 0.5 – 0.8 18 - 30 rock 21 Trincomalee (Pigeon Islands) 1.5 0 – 10 coral & rock tain information such as the presence of live corals, Crown-of-thorns starfish and damaged areas. Neither the LIT nor quadrat method was used on reefs deeper than 25 m due to the time constraints imposed by the no-decompression limits of S.C.U.B.A. diving. These deeper reef sites were surveyed mainly to ascertain the status of individual coral colonies and determine the diversity of coral, fish and other reef species. Plate 1. Corallimorpharians overgrowing live coral. Photo: Nishan Perera, Sri Lanka Sub Aqua Club. Plate 2. Infestations of corallimorpharians at Pigeon Island, Trincomalee. Photo: Nishan Perera, Sri Lanka Sub Aqua Club. – 56 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword The temperatures of the wo
Page 6 and 7: Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
Page 8 and 9: Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary The World Conserv
Page 12 and 13: to date. Working group discussions
Page 14 and 15: Biophysical Generally, region-wide
Page 16 and 17: species exhibit different tolerance
Page 18 and 19: er-term, “shifting baselines” i
Page 20 and 21: flow diagram presented below. CORDI
Page 22 and 23: SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
Page 24 and 25: East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
Page 26 and 27: Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
Page 28 and 29: BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
Page 32 and 33: % cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Page 34 and 35: Table 3: Population densities and s
Page 36 and 37: Assessment of coral reef degradatio
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
Page 40 and 41: live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
Page 42 and 43: Table 5. Some environmental paramet
Page 44 and 45: Coral reef monitoring and managemen
Page 46 and 47: L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
Page 48 and 49: category) and size classes (total n
Page 50 and 51: The status of South African coral r
Page 52 and 53: South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
Page 54 and 55: SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
Page 60 and 61: Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
Page 62 and 63: shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
Page 64 and 65: Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
Page 66 and 67: In each of these regions three reef
Page 68 and 69: Table 4. Summary data from transect
Page 70 and 71: The status of the coral reefs of In
Page 72 and 73: Relative importance in total landin
Page 74 and 75: Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
Page 76 and 77: Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
Page 78 and 79: The reefs of the granitic islands o
Page 80 and 81: onies damaged was recorded using th
Page 82 and 83: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 84 and 85: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 86 and 87: Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
Page 88 and 89: Reef systems of the islands of the
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
Page 92 and 93: At the Bank’s northern and southe
Page 94 and 95: chelles (Turner et al., this volume
Page 96 and 97: the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99: Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101: 2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103: Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105: Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107:
solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109:
Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
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Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
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Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
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that due to its low impact, dead co
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Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
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In April 1998, close to the peak of
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Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
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Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
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REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
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SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
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Sea surface temperature in the west
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Temperature and water exchange in a
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Figure 2a. Time series temperature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 136 and 137:
Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
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REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
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Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
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SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
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Socio-economic assessment of the im
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to escape predation (Williams, 1991
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Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
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mersal species have not been heavil
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Therefore, it must be concluded tha
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▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
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very few come specifically for reef
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Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
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Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
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has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
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Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
Page 166 and 167:
Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
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to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
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Evaluation of succession and coral
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within each depth zone (5 m and 10
Page 174 and 175:
The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
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dives, this study has demonstrated
Page 178 and 179:
Bioerosive processes An important a
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each of the three different fish co
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
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Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
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A low-tech method for reef rehabili
Page 188 and 189:
Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
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anching and massive corals (Plate 1
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es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
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strate that supports a low percenta
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egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
Page 208 and 209:
- 207 -
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