CORDIO Status Report 2000

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REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual of methods for mapping and monitoring of physical and biological parameters in the coastal zone of the Caribbean. Level 1. CARICOMP Data Management Centre and Florida Institute of Oceanography. Conand, C., Chabnet, P., Quod, J.P., Bigot, L. & de Grissac, A.J. 1997. Manuel Methodologique pour le suivi de l’etat de sante des recifs coralliens du sud-ouest de L’Ocean Indien. Programme Regional Environment. Commission de L’Ocean Indien. 27p. DeVantier, L.M., De’ath, G., Done, T.J. & Turak, E. 1998. Ecological assessment of a complex natural system: a case study from the Great Barrier Reef. Ecological Applications 8: 480-496. English, S., Wilkinson, C. & Baker, V. (eds.) 1997. Survey manual for tropical marine resources. 2 nd Edition. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Townsville. 390p. Jokiel, P.L. & Coles, S.C. 1990. Responses of Hawaiian and other reef corals to elevated temperatures. Coral Reefs 8: 155-162. Rogers, C. S. 1990. Responses of coral reef organisms to sedimentation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62: 185-202. Turner, J.R., Klaus, R., Simoes, N. & Jones, D. 1999. Littoral and Sublittoral ground-truthing survey of the Socotra Archipelago. P. 35- 138 and 3 CD Roms. In: Krupp, F & Hariri, K.I. (eds). <strong>Report</strong> Phase 1 Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. UNOPS YEM/96/G32 Contract C-972248. – 137 –
Measuring change and recovery in reef ecosystems CHARLES SHEPPARD 1 , KRISTIAN TELEKI 2 and JOHN TURNER 3 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, UK 2 Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, University of Cambridge, UK 3 School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, UK INTRODUCTION Assessing environmental impacts and monitoring ecosystem recovery requires an understanding of the underlying spatial and temporal changes that have occurred. There are three main questions to be answered with specific reference to the Indian Ocean and the current status and future of coral reef ecosystems: i) what are the effects of widespread coral mortality going to be in the Indian Ocean, ii) how long will it take for reef ecosystems to recover, and iii) will ‘recovered’ systems have the same structure and functional integrity? Research into these questions must bear in mind that most measurements to be made are points on a long-term trend. Although there may be another disturbance event similar to that of 1998, its occurrence (if it occurs) should not negate the work, but provide further data points which contribute to the understanding and establishment of long-term trends. While direct changes in structure can be measured relatively simply, more advanced study will be required to assess changes in functional relationships. For instance, does the ‘recovered’ reef with its different coral community support a different fish community, and will the productivity of this reef be different? One-off measurements must be put into context. Several examples exist of measures which are difficult to interpret, for example, measures of total fish catches, coral cover or population recovery: As a fish species is depleted, even commercially extinguished, it may be replaced by other species, the total catch remaining the same. A ‘pristine’ coral cover value of many systems is about 50%, which rises with increasing long-term stress, then decreases through the 50% value again before reaching very low values (Figure 1). Thus, only very low percentages might be indicative of degradation, by which stage the quantification of coral cover may be of little use. The problem of recovery is to ask at what level a population is considered to be ‘recovered’? Figure 2 shows a hypothetical decline of a population that has progressed over 25 years. The sag following the 1998 event is recovered from, but to which long-term trend, (a) or (b)? This is a complication from the ‘shifting baseline syndrome’. Sample size is one of the main difficulties in measuring change and recovery. It should be noted that if significant differences occur between two samples (e.g. by Figure 1. Coral cover (from Red Sea and Arabian Gulf examples) of changing coral cover with increasing stress (Sheppard et al., 1992). Coral covers% 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Stress – 138 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
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Foreword The temperatures of the wo
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Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
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Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
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Executive Summary The World Conserv
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to date. Working group discussions
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Biophysical Generally, region-wide
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species exhibit different tolerance
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er-term, “shifting baselines” i
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flow diagram presented below. CORDI
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SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
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East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
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Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
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BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
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Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
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% cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
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Table 3: Population densities and s
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Assessment of coral reef degradatio
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Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
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live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
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Table 5. Some environmental paramet
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Coral reef monitoring and managemen
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L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
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category) and size classes (total n
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The status of South African coral r
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South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
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SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
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corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
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Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
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Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
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shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
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Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
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In each of these regions three reef
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Table 4. Summary data from transect
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The status of the coral reefs of In
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Relative importance in total landin
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Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
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Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
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The reefs of the granitic islands o
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onies damaged was recorded using th
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FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
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FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
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Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
Page 88 and 89: Reef systems of the islands of the
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
Page 92 and 93: At the Bank’s northern and southe
Page 94 and 95: chelles (Turner et al., this volume
Page 96 and 97: the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99: Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101: 2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103: Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105: Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107: solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109: Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113: Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
Page 114 and 115: that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117: Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
Page 118 and 119: In April 1998, close to the peak of
Page 120 and 121: Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
Page 122 and 123: Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
Page 126 and 127: SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
Page 128 and 129: Sea surface temperature in the west
Page 130 and 131: Temperature and water exchange in a
Page 132 and 133: Figure 2a. Time series temperature
Page 134 and 135: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 136 and 137: Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
Page 140 and 141: Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
Page 142 and 143: SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
Page 144 and 145: Socio-economic assessment of the im
Page 146 and 147: to escape predation (Williams, 1991
Page 148 and 149: Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
Page 150 and 151: mersal species have not been heavil
Page 152 and 153: Therefore, it must be concluded tha
Page 154 and 155: ▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
Page 156 and 157: very few come specifically for reef
Page 158 and 159: Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
Page 160 and 161: Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
Page 162 and 163: has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
Page 164 and 165: Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
Page 166 and 167: Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
Page 168 and 169: to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
Page 170 and 171: Evaluation of succession and coral
Page 172 and 173: within each depth zone (5 m and 10
Page 174 and 175: The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
Page 176 and 177: dives, this study has demonstrated
Page 178 and 179: Bioerosive processes An important a
Page 180 and 181: each of the three different fish co
Page 182 and 183: Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
Page 184 and 185: Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
Page 186 and 187: A low-tech method for reef rehabili
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Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
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anching and massive corals (Plate 1
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es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
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strate that supports a low percenta
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egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
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