CORDIO Status Report 2000

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Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVID OBURA 1 , JACQUELINE N. UKU 2 , OMONDI P. WAWIYE 2 , SHAABAN MWACHIREYA 2 and RENNATUS MDODO 2 1 <strong>CORDIO</strong>-East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya 2 Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya INTRODUCTION Coral reefs along the entire coast of Kenya suffered widespread bleaching and mortality of corals during the first half of 1998 (Wilkinson, 1998; Obura, 1999; Mc- Clanahan et al., 1999). This status report summarises findings relating specifically to coral bleaching, mortality and effects on benthic community structure. In addition, preliminary results from a number of research projects investigating different aspects of the bleaching event are reported here. In shallow waters, on a per-area basis, most of Kenya’s southern fringing reefs have lost between 66% and 80% of their live corals. Coral reefs in deeper water suffered less mortality due to lesser exposure to higher temperatures. Reefs on the northern part of the coast, influenced by cold water currents from Somalia, also suffered less mortality of corals. Coral recruitment appears to be low on Kenyan reefs except for some minor shallow patch reefs. It is likely that alterations in reef ecology due to overfishing (McClanahan & Muthiga, 1988) and consequent rapid growth of fleshy algae may have delaying effects on coral and reef recovery. Effects of the coral mortality on other components of the reef community, such as on algae, invertebrates and fish are only just beginning to be noticed, 1.5 years after the bleaching event. These components are the subject of ongoing research in an integrated study of the Mombasa Marine Park by scientists at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute. KENYA Mombasa Malindi Kisite Mombasa Malindi Watamu Lamu Indian Ocean Kiunga Kenya’s coral reefs are divided between two main areas, a fringing reef system in the south (from Malindi to Kisite) and patch reefs and fore reef slopes in the north. After the 1998 bleaching event, the living coral reef cover has decreased on all known reefs in Kenya. – 25 –
Table 1. Coral species and other groups that were observed both during and after (up to 1.5 years) the El Niño event showing the proportion observed of normal, bleached and dead colonies (0: = not observed; 1: < 25%; 2: 25-75%; 3: > 75%. The taxonomic group is by family for corals, and higher taxonomic groupings for other cnidarians Coral species Tax. During After n bl d n bl d Coral species Tax. During After n bl d n bl d Immediate > 75% mortality Acropora f. tabular acr 0 0 3 0 0 3 Acropora robusta acr 0 0 3 1 0 3 Acropora f. corymbose acr 0 1 3 1 0 3 Acropora solitaryensis acr 0 1 3 0 0 3 Immediate > 75% bleaching Galaxea astreata oci 1 3 1 1 1 3 Acropora spicifera acr 0 3 1 2 0 2 Montipora tuberculosa por 1 3 1 2 1 2 Porites compressa por 0 3 1 3 1 1 Coscinarea monile sid 1 3 1 3 1 1 Anemone species zoa 0 3 0 1 2 0 Fungia danae fun 0 3 0 3 1 0 Variable bleaching, > 75% mortality Pocillopora verrucosa poc 1 2 2 1 0 3 Pocillopora damicornis poc 2 2 1 1 0 3 Pocillopora eydouxi poc 2 2 1 1 0 3 Acropora eurystoma acr 2 2 2 1 0 3 Acropora formosa acr 2 1 2 0 0 3 Acropora spp. acr 2 1 2 1 0 3 Acropora humilis acr 2 2 1 0 0 3 Porites nigrescens por 1 2 1 1 0 3 Millepora tenella mil 3 1 1 1 0 3 Variable bleaching and mortality Platygyra sinensis fav 1 2 2 2 0 2 Goniopora lobata por 1 2 1 2 0 2 Goniastrea retiformis fav 1 2 1 2 1 2 Lobophyllia hemprichii mus 2 2 1 2 1 2 Astreopora moretonensis acr 1 2 1 2 0 2 Montipora informis acr 1 2 1 2 1 2 Montipora aequituberculata acr 2 2 1 2 1 2 Porites lutea por 2 2 1 2 1 2 Echinophyllia aspera ast 2 2 1 2 1 2 Platygyra daedelea fav 2 2 1 2 1 2 Leptoria phrygia fav 0 2 0 2 1 2 Variable bleaching, high recovery Montipora efflorescens acr 2 2 0 3 0 1 Pavona varians aga 2 2 0 3 0 1 Porites spp. por 2 2 1 2 2 0 Favia pallida fav 2 2 1 3 0 1 Favia speciosa fav 2 2 0 2 0 1 Plesiastrea versipora fav 2 2 1 2 0 1 Low bleaching, variable mortality Millepora platyphylla mil 3 0 1 1 0 3 Acropora cerealis acr 2 1 2 2 0 2 Astreopora myriophthalma acr 2 1 1 2 0 2 Leptastrea purpurea fav 3 1 1 2 0 2 Favia favus fav 2 1 1 2 1 2 Goniastrea australensis fav 3 1 1 2 0 2 Echinopora gemmifera fav 2 1 2 2 1 2 Echinopora lamellosa fav 0 0 0 2 1 2 Psammocora contigua sid 3 1 0 2 0 2 Porites rus por 2 0 2 2 1 2 Platygyra pini fav 3 0 0 2 0 2 Goniopora stutchburyi por 3 0 0 2 0 2 Hydnophora exesa mer 2 1 1 2 0 2 Hydnophora microconos mer 3 0 0 2 0 2 Low bleaching, low mortality Favites abdita fav 2 1 1 2 0 1 Favites pentagona fav 2 1 1 2 0 1 Goniastrea favulus fav 2 1 2 3 0 1 Galaxea fascicularis ocu 2 1 1 3 1 1 Acanthastrea echinata mus 2 1 1 3 0 1 Pavona decussata aga 3 1 1 3 0 1 Sinularia spp. oct 2 1 1 3 1 1 Goniastrea edwardsi fav 3 1 1 3 0 1 Porites annae por 3 1 1 3 1 1 Sarcophyton spp. oct 2 1 0 3 0 1 Palythoa spp. zoa 3 1 0 3 0 1 Millepora exesa mil 2 1 1 3 0 0 – 26 –
Page 2 and 3: CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The temperatures of the wo
Page 6 and 7: Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
Page 8 and 9: Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary The World Conserv
Page 12 and 13: to date. Working group discussions
Page 14 and 15: Biophysical Generally, region-wide
Page 16 and 17: species exhibit different tolerance
Page 18 and 19: er-term, “shifting baselines” i
Page 20 and 21: flow diagram presented below. CORDI
Page 22 and 23: SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
Page 24 and 25: East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
Page 28 and 29: BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
Page 32 and 33: % cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Page 34 and 35: Table 3: Population densities and s
Page 36 and 37: Assessment of coral reef degradatio
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
Page 40 and 41: live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
Page 42 and 43: Table 5. Some environmental paramet
Page 44 and 45: Coral reef monitoring and managemen
Page 46 and 47: L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
Page 48 and 49: category) and size classes (total n
Page 50 and 51: The status of South African coral r
Page 52 and 53: South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
Page 54 and 55: SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
Page 56 and 57: corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
Page 60 and 61: Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
Page 62 and 63: shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
Page 64 and 65: Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
Page 66 and 67: In each of these regions three reef
Page 68 and 69: Table 4. Summary data from transect
Page 70 and 71: The status of the coral reefs of In
Page 72 and 73: Relative importance in total landin
Page 74 and 75: Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
Page 76 and 77:
Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
Page 78 and 79:
The reefs of the granitic islands o
Page 80 and 81:
onies damaged was recorded using th
Page 82 and 83:
FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 84 and 85:
FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
Page 88 and 89:
Reef systems of the islands of the
Page 90 and 91:
Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
Page 92 and 93:
At the Bank’s northern and southe
Page 94 and 95:
chelles (Turner et al., this volume
Page 96 and 97:
the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99:
Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101:
2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103:
Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107:
solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109:
Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111:
Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
Page 114 and 115:
that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117:
Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
Page 118 and 119:
In April 1998, close to the peak of
Page 120 and 121:
Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
Page 122 and 123:
Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
Page 124 and 125:
REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
Page 126 and 127:
SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
Page 128 and 129:
Sea surface temperature in the west
Page 130 and 131:
Temperature and water exchange in a
Page 132 and 133:
Figure 2a. Time series temperature
Page 134 and 135:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 136 and 137:
Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
Page 138 and 139:
REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
Page 142 and 143:
SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
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Socio-economic assessment of the im
Page 146 and 147:
to escape predation (Williams, 1991
Page 148 and 149:
Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
Page 150 and 151:
mersal species have not been heavil
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Therefore, it must be concluded tha
Page 154 and 155:
▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
Page 156 and 157:
very few come specifically for reef
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Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
Page 160 and 161:
Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
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has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
Page 164 and 165:
Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
Page 166 and 167:
Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
Page 168 and 169:
to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
Page 170 and 171:
Evaluation of succession and coral
Page 172 and 173:
within each depth zone (5 m and 10
Page 174 and 175:
The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
Page 176 and 177:
dives, this study has demonstrated
Page 178 and 179:
Bioerosive processes An important a
Page 180 and 181:
each of the three different fish co
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
Page 184 and 185:
Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
Page 186 and 187:
A low-tech method for reef rehabili
Page 188 and 189:
Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
Page 190 and 191:
anching and massive corals (Plate 1
Page 192 and 193:
es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
Page 194 and 195:
strate that supports a low percenta
Page 196 and 197:
egeneration and prevent further des
Page 198 and 199:
APPENDICES - 197 -
Page 200 and 201:
Coral Reef Degradation in the India
Page 202 and 203:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
Page 206 and 207:
DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
Page 208 and 209:
- 207 -
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