CORDIO Status Report 2000

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Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1996 per country in the Indian Ocean sorted by relative contribution to total marine landings. Country Demersal landings (tons) Importance in total Trend in importance of marine landings (%) demersal landings Reunion 2,970 68 +/- Mauritius 8,664 52 + Tanzania 18,939 49 + Seychelles 1,704 39 +/- Kenya 1,349 34 +/- India 805,408 33 +/- Sri Lanka 36,922 18 +/- Mozambique 165 17 + 1 Maldives 11,856 11 + Comores na na na Source: (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1999a) ployment (Table 5). A short description of the fisheries of each region within the central and western Indian Ocean is presented. South Asia In India, the relative contribution of the reef fishery to both earnings and total fish landings (1 790 702 tons in 1993) is low. This did increase from 1% in the early 1970’s to 5% in the early 1990’s. The importance of other demersal fish remained stable at 32% throughout the entire period (Figure 3) (CMFRI, 1980; 1995). This low importance is caused by the fact that most reefs are found in lightly populated regions such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (DOD & SAC, 1997; Bakus, 1994). In addition, there is a high demand for large pelagic fish, such as mackerel and tuna, at both domestic and export markets ensuring that the fishery in large reef areas, such as Lakshadweep, focuses on catching these large pelagics instead of demersal reef species (James et al., 1984; Bakus, 1994). On the mainland, most of India’s coastal fishers make their living from either the pelagic fisheries, the prawn trawl fishery or from small-scale Table 5. Importance of marine and demersal fisheries in providing food (kg of fish), employment (part of overall population) and foreign earnings to Indian Ocean countries. ++++Very high; +++high; ++medium; +low. Food Employment US$ Other Country Marine Demersal Marine Demersal India ++++ ++++ +++ ++ + Madagascar +++ ++++ ++ + +++ Sri Lanka +++ +++ + + -/+ Import equals export Tanzania ++ +++ +++ Kenya + ++ + +++ Mauritius ++ ++ + ++ ++ Foreign fish licenses Seychelles + ++ + ++ +++ Mozambique ++ + Maldives +++ +++ + +++ Baitfish supports tuna Comores ++ + +++ Rodregues + + +++ + – 147 –
Figure 3. Trends in landings and composition of landings in India. Relative importance in total landings (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Crustaceans Reef fish Demerasal fish Pelagic fish Total demersal fisheries using beach seines. However, this is likely to change as a result of increasing demand (foreign markets) for high quality reef fish such as grouper and snapper and because of declining catch rates resulting from over-capitalisation and exploitation of coastal shelf areas (Devaraj, 1997). The reef fishery in Sri Lanka provides an important part of the fish consumed in the country. The demersal fishery does not provide employment to a large portion Figure 4. Trends in coastal fish landings in Sri Lanka. Coastal fish landings (Thousands tons) 300 200 100 0 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 Total Reef fish Boats 79 Year 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 50 40 30 20 10 0 (Millions) Total marine landings (tons) Number of boats of the population. The coastal fish production is highly variable but increased five fold from 36 865 tons in 1951 to 157 500 tons in 1995 with highest production in 1982/ 83 of approximately180 000 tons (Figure 4). Coastal fisheries contributed almost 90% to the nations total fish production in the early 1970’s but this importance decreased to 65% in 1996 with increasing importance of offshore fish landings of some 25% in 1996. Inland fish production was relatively important (18% - 19%) in the mid 1980’s but decreased to approximately 9% in 1996. In Maldives reef fisheries contribute least to total fish production, although this is increasing. However, the indirect importance of reef fisheries to the entire fish production is much higher because bait fish for the tuna fishery are caught in the lagoons and near the reefs. Total fish catches have increased dramatically in recent years from 39 000 tons in 1983 (Anon., 1998a) to 118 115 tons in 1998 (Anon., 1998b) (Figure 5). With its vast area of coral reefs, it is remarkable that reef-associated de- Figure 5. Trends in landings and composition of landings in Maldives. Importance (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Skipjack Tuna Yellowfin Tuna Dogtooth Tuna Eastern Little Tuna Frigate Tuna Non Tuna 120 100 80 60 (Thousands) Total landings (tons) – 148 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
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Foreword The temperatures of the wo
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Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
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Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
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Executive Summary The World Conserv
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to date. Working group discussions
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Biophysical Generally, region-wide
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species exhibit different tolerance
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er-term, “shifting baselines” i
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flow diagram presented below. CORDI
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SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
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East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
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Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
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BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
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Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
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% cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
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Table 3: Population densities and s
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Assessment of coral reef degradatio
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Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
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live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
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Table 5. Some environmental paramet
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Coral reef monitoring and managemen
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L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
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category) and size classes (total n
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The status of South African coral r
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South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
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SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
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corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
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Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
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Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
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shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
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Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
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In each of these regions three reef
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Table 4. Summary data from transect
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The status of the coral reefs of In
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Relative importance in total landin
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Small pelagics Large pelagics Demer
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Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
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The reefs of the granitic islands o
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onies damaged was recorded using th
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FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
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FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
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Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
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Reef systems of the islands of the
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Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
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At the Bank’s northern and southe
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chelles (Turner et al., this volume
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the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99: Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101: 2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103: Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105: Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107: solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109: Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113: Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
Page 114 and 115: that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117: Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
Page 118 and 119: In April 1998, close to the peak of
Page 120 and 121: Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
Page 122 and 123: Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
Page 126 and 127: SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
Page 128 and 129: Sea surface temperature in the west
Page 130 and 131: Temperature and water exchange in a
Page 132 and 133: Figure 2a. Time series temperature
Page 134 and 135: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 136 and 137: Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
Page 140 and 141: Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
Page 142 and 143: SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
Page 144 and 145: Socio-economic assessment of the im
Page 146 and 147: to escape predation (Williams, 1991
Page 150 and 151: mersal species have not been heavil
Page 152 and 153: Therefore, it must be concluded tha
Page 154 and 155: ▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
Page 156 and 157: very few come specifically for reef
Page 158 and 159: Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
Page 160 and 161: Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
Page 162 and 163: has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
Page 164 and 165: Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
Page 166 and 167: Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
Page 168 and 169: to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
Page 170 and 171: Evaluation of succession and coral
Page 172 and 173: within each depth zone (5 m and 10
Page 174 and 175: The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
Page 176 and 177: dives, this study has demonstrated
Page 178 and 179: Bioerosive processes An important a
Page 180 and 181: each of the three different fish co
Page 182 and 183: Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
Page 184 and 185: Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
Page 186 and 187: A low-tech method for reef rehabili
Page 188 and 189: Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
Page 190 and 191: anching and massive corals (Plate 1
Page 192 and 193: es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
Page 194 and 195: strate that supports a low percenta
Page 196 and 197: egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
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