CORDIO Status Report 2000

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Small pelagics Large pelagics Demersals Reef fish Crustacea Other Importance % 100 80 60 40 20 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Figure 4. Trends in commercial catch composition for Andaman & Nicobar Islands. valued fish in the commercial fishery is Spanish Mackerel (Scomberidae), which sells at 80 Rs. per kg (1 US$ = 42 Rs). Reef fish such as Epinephelus spp. are caught with hook and line but sold cheaply (~ 40 Rs. per kg). The majority of the fishers are involved in small-scale hook and line or gill net fishing and there are eight larger scale boats engaging mainly in bottom trawling. Average monthly incomes for fishers at Andaman Islands are low and fluctuate between 816-1225 RS and 7866- 10200 Rs with expenditures ranging between 845 and 2800 Rs per month (Dam Roy & Dorairaj, 1998). The average catch per unit effort (CpUE) per day during the peak seasons varies between 8 kg and 75 kg. Women also participate in fishery related activities and their average incomes depend on the type of activity conducted. Those involved in the collection of clam shells earn three times as much as those involved in net making, fish drying or prawn peeling (Sivaraj et al., 1992). Although coral reef fisheries are not yet very important to Andaman and Nicobar Islands, they are being threatened by poaching of marine organisms by Burmese, Indonesians and Thais. This is a serious problem that is not easily controlled due to the large geographic extent of the islands. However, the most serious threats to the reef environment, as perceived by Andaman and Nicobar environmentalists, concern proposed developments for the near future. The airstrip is being extended to enable international planes to land, tourism is being developed and forest cut to accommodate a growing population of mainly mainland Indian people that are looking for jobs and cleaner environments. Other man induced threats to the reefs include the level of siltation during the monsoon period and the level of pollution from agricultural chemicals. Although dive tourism is seen as a threat by most of the Andaman and Nicobar environmentalists, currently it occurs only during the calm weather season from October to February and very locally. There are only two dive schools that certify PADI open water divers at their home reef. At present, most diving on the reefs of Andaman and Nicobar is done from live aboard vessels. It is not clear how frequently these operations visit the reefs and, as yet, neither the local people nor local government benefits from this type of tourism expenditure. The Andaman and Nicobar government has been reluctant to allow any development especially when there is fear of negative effects to the environment. This basic conservation intent is strong yet the question is whether it is strong enough to keep outsiders out and maintain the near pristine condition of the reefs. REFERENCES Alfred, J.R.B., Subba Rao, N.V. & Sastry, D.R.K. 1998. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: a background paper. In: Proceedings of workshop on management of coral reef ecosystem of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. 23 November, 1998. Port Blair. Anonymous, 1995. Fisheries and people – Usurping the coastal commons. The Hindu Survey of the Environment. pp. 43–49. Anonymous, 1996a. Andaman and Nicobar Islands basic statistics 1996. Directorate of economics and statistics Andaman and Nicobar Administration. 435 p. Anonymous, 1996b. Fisheries at a glance 1996. Directorate of fisheries, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair. 31 p. Bakus, G.J. 1994 Coral reef ecosystems. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. 232 p. CMFRI, 1995. Marine Fisheries Information Service, No 136. 31 p. Dam Roy, S. & Dorairaj, K. 1998. Socio-economic aspects of fishermen of Andaman with respect to sustainable development. In: Gangwar, B. & Chandra, K. (eds.). Island ecosystem and sustainable development. Symposium Proceedings. p. 147-156. – 73 –
Hoon, V. 1997. Coral reefs of India: review of their extent, condition, research and management status. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on the conservation and sustainable management of coral reefs. MS. Swaminathan Research and BOBP, Chennai. 15-17 December, 1997. pp. 1-25. Kumaran, M. & Gopakumar, G. 1986. Potential resources of fishes other than tuna in Lakshadweep. Marine Fisheries Information Service, No. 68: 41-45. Pillai, P.P., Kumaran, M., Gopinadha Pillai, C.S., Mohan, M., Gopakumar, G., Livingston, P. & Srinath, M. 1986. Exploited and potential resources of live-bait fishes of Lakshadweep. Marine Fisheries Information Service, No. 68: 25-32. Sastry, D.R.K. 1998. Ecological status of coral reefs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Proceedings of workshop on management of coral reef ecosystem of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. 23 November, 1998. Port Blair. Sivaraj, P., John, M.E., & Sivaprakasam, T.E., 1992. Fishery resources of Lakshadweep. Bulletin 22, Fishery Survey of India Bombay. 31 p. Venkataraman, K, (unpublished report). Report on the Work Done on Gulf of Mannar Coral Reefs. Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biological Station, Chennai, India. Wafar, M.V.M, Status Report India, In: Linden, O. & Sporong, N. (eds.). Coral reef degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status reports and project presentations, 1999. 108 p. Wilkinson, C. 1998 (ed.). The status of the coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institute of Marine Science and Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network. Townsville, Australia. 184 p. – 74 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
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Foreword The temperatures of the wo
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Address by the Global Coral Reef Mo
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Table of contents FORWARD 3 ADDRESS
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Executive Summary The World Conserv
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to date. Working group discussions
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Biophysical Generally, region-wide
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species exhibit different tolerance
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er-term, “shifting baselines” i
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flow diagram presented below. CORDI
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SECTION I Status Reports - 21 -
Page 24 and 25: East Africa - Summary DAVID OBURA C
Page 26 and 27: Kenya, reef status and ecology DAVI
Page 28 and 29: BENTHIC COMMUNITIES Benthic communi
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2. Three strategies for blea
Page 32 and 33: % cover % cover 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Page 34 and 35: Table 3: Population densities and s
Page 36 and 37: Assessment of coral reef degradatio
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Reef stations surveyed in
Page 40 and 41: live coral cover for Mbudya Marine
Page 42 and 43: Table 5. Some environmental paramet
Page 44 and 45: Coral reef monitoring and managemen
Page 46 and 47: L impopo Maputo Sa ve River Riv er
Page 48 and 49: category) and size classes (total n
Page 50 and 51: The status of South African coral r
Page 52 and 53: South Asia - Summary DAN WILHELMSSO
Page 54 and 55: SRI LANKA Most shallow coral reef h
Page 56 and 57: corals in Sri Lanka is relatively h
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Distribution of coral ree
Page 60 and 61: Kandakuliya Most of the nearshore r
Page 62 and 63: shallow water (0 m - 3 m) on the re
Page 64 and 65: Rajasuriya, A & De Silva, M.W.R.N.
Page 66 and 67: In each of these regions three reef
Page 68 and 69: Table 4. Summary data from transect
Page 70 and 71: The status of the coral reefs of In
Page 72 and 73: Relative importance in total landin
Page 76 and 77: Indian Ocean Islands - Summary SUSI
Page 78 and 79: The reefs of the granitic islands o
Page 80 and 81: onies damaged was recorded using th
Page 82 and 83: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 84 and 85: FAMILY GENUS SPECIES DEAD SURVIVING
Page 86 and 87: Figure 10. Recruit on consolidated
Page 88 and 89: Reef systems of the islands of the
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2. Coral condition by locati
Page 92 and 93: At the Bank’s northern and southe
Page 94 and 95: chelles (Turner et al., this volume
Page 96 and 97: the shallow bays of Balaclava Marin
Page 98 and 99: Development of a geographical infor
Page 100 and 101: 2 1,8 1,6 Mean Bleaching Score 1,4
Page 102 and 103: Meteorological data from the period
Page 104 and 105: Figure 16. Total sunshine (hrs) per
Page 106 and 107: solar irradiance. In Thailand, loca
Page 108 and 109: Harriott, V.J. 1985. Mortality rate
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Location of CORDIO monitor
Page 112 and 113: Figure 1. Recovery from settlement
Page 114 and 115: that due to its low impact, dead co
Page 116 and 117: Map of the Western Indian Ocean wit
Page 118 and 119: In April 1998, close to the peak of
Page 120 and 121: Pachyseris, Turbinaria spp.) and en
Page 122 and 123: Partial mortality of Favites flexuo
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REFERENCES Barnes, J., Bellamy, D.J
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SECTION II Environmental Monitoring
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Sea surface temperature in the west
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Temperature and water exchange in a
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Figure 2a. Time series temperature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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Figure 2. Settlement plates for cor
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REFERENCES CARICOMP. 1994. Manual o
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Figure 2. Two possible recoveries f
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SECTION III Thematic/Research Repor
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Socio-economic assessment of the im
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to escape predation (Williams, 1991
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Table 4 Demersal fish landings in 1
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mersal species have not been heavil
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Therefore, it must be concluded tha
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▲ Level of importance 35 30 25 20
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very few come specifically for reef
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Percentage 28% Food and beverages w
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Anonymous. 1998b. Basic Fisheries S
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has a 4 m tidal range) dominated by
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Table 1. Comparison of the gross be
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Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. & Po
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to assess ciguatera risk by impleme
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Evaluation of succession and coral
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within each depth zone (5 m and 10
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The taxonomic patterns of coral rec
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dives, this study has demonstrated
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Bioerosive processes An important a
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each of the three different fish co
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Figure 1. Coral fragments transplan
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Pavona Echinopora 50 100 50 100 Gro
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A low-tech method for reef rehabili
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Impacts of bleaching on coral commu
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anching and massive corals (Plate 1
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es, metal bars and PVC surfaces. No
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strate that supports a low percenta
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egeneration and prevent further des
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APPENDICES - 197 -
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Coral Reef Degradation in the India
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LIONEL BIGOT A
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AGNETHA NILSSON Programme Officer U
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DR. SUE WELLS Co-ordinator, E.A. Ma
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