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JSOU Report 16-1
146. Tripp, A History of Iraq, 229.
147. Coughlin, Saddam: His Rise and Fall, 186.
148. Karch and Rautsi, Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography, 158-164.
149. Dave Johns, “The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign,”
Frontline – World, 24 January 2006, accessed at: http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html.
See also: Marr, Modern History of Iraq,
200-203.
150. Neil MacFarquhar, “Saddam Hussein: Defiant Dictator Who Ruled Iraq With
Violence and Terror, Dies,” The New York Times, 30 December 2006, accessed
at: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/30/world/middleeast /30saddam.
html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
151. “The Gulf War 1991 – Milestones,” Department of State, Office of the Historian,
accessed at: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/gulf-war.
152. Farouk-Sluglett and Sluglett, Iraq since 1958, 304-308.
153. Marr, Modern History of Iraq, 270-273.
154. Choueiri, Arab Nationalism, 205.
155. Fuad I. Khuri, Imams and Emirs: State, Religion, and Sects in Islam (London: Saqi
Books, 1990), 57. Khuri explains the difference between Max Weber’s definition
of a state with a “political personality” and a “jurist personality.” The latter is a
modern Western-style state; it can sue and be sued, and the latter, he argues, is
represented by the Ibadi imamate in Oman and the Zaydi imamate in Yemen
both creating a “unique political personality” that has existed since the 9th century.
Khuri points out that the concept of state in the Arab world tends to refer
to governments or regimes that resembled the concepts found in Ibn Khaldun’s
medieval works on society and government. His states lacked the attributes of and
were in fact not nation-states. The states of the Greater Levant—Lebanon, Syria,
and Iraq—reflect this. See also: Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction
to History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967).
156. Byron Farwell, Queen Victoria’s Little Wars (New York: Norton, 1985), 27-31.
157. Mwafad Haded Tikriti, Elites, Administration, and Public Policy: A Comparative
Study of Republic Regimes in Iraq 1958-1976 (Austin: University of Texas, 1976),
141.
158. Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 7.
159. Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York:
The Penguin Press, 2006), 109.
160. Discussion with a senior U.S. foreign service officer on issues associated with the
2008 agreement and status of forces, June 2015.
161. Discussions with multiple Arab military and intelligence officers during the
spring and summer of 2004.
114