Connecting Global Priorities Biodiversity and Human Health

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WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Connecting global priorities: biodiversity and human health: a state of knowledge review. 1.Biodiversity. 2.Global Health. 3.Public Health. 4.Socioeconomic Factors. 5.Communicable Disease Control. 6.Climate Change. 7.Humans. I.World Health Organization. II.Convention on Biological Diversity. ISBN 978 92 4 150853 7 (NLM classification: WD 600) © World Health Organization and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015. All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html ). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization (WHO) nor on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. Moreover, the views expressed do not represent the decision or the stated policy of WHO or CBD. The citing of trade names and commercial processes do not constitute endorsement by WHO or CBD. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO or CBD in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO and CBD to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization nor the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity be liable for damages arising from its use. Cover photo credits: (left to right) 1 st row i) iStockphoto/pailoolom ii) Conor Kretsch iii) Glen Bowes 2 nd row i) Danny Hunter ii) Bioversity International iii) A.Camacho 3 rd row i) Glen Bowes ii) Jon Betz / NGS iii) Barry Kretsch 4 th row i) iStockphoto/ rssfhs ii) iStockphoto iii) Ecohealth Alliance Editing and design by Inís Communication (www. iniscommunication.com)
CONOR KRETSCH Acknowledgements This volume was jointly prepared by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the World Health Organization, in collaboration with several partners including: Bioversity International, COHAB Initiative, DIVERSITAS, Ecohealth Alliance, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research (PAR), United Nations University-Institute for Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS), United Nations University -International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Wildlife Conservation Society, Health and Ecosystems Analysis of Linkages (WCS-HEAL) and several other partners and experts. The World Health Organization and the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, wish to express particular gratitude to the numerous authors and contributors to this volume without whom this unique volume would not have been possible. WHO and SCBD also wish to extend their gratitude to the following reviewers: Maria Purificacion Neira (WHO), Sir Andy Haines (Chair of the The Lancet-Rockefeller Foundation Commission on Planetary Health), Carlo Blasi (Sapienza University of Rome), Luiz Augusto Cassanha Galvão (PAHO), Ruth Charrondiere (FAO), Florence Egal, Pablo Eyzaguirre (Bioversity International), Jessica Fanzo (Columbia University), Viviana Figueroa (CBD Secretariat), Trevor Hancock (University of Victoria), Danna Leaman (IUCN, MPSG-SSC), Markus Lehmann (CBD), Catherine Machalaba (EcoHealth Alliance), Keith Martin (CUGH), Jonathan Patz (Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin), Simone Schiele (CBD Secretariat), Cristina Tirado (UCLA), and the numerous Parties, Governments and other peer reviewers who participated in two open peer review processes and in the final consultation held at IUCN World Parks Congress in Sydney, Australia. WHO and SCBD additionally wish to thank the following individuals and organizations: Flavia Bustreo (WHO) Annie Cung (CBD), David Ainsworth (CBD), Didier Babin (CIRAD), Mateusz Banski (CBD), Charles Besancon (CBD), Francesco Branca (WHO), Kathryn Campbell (Parks Victoria, Australia), Kimberly Chriscaden (WHO), Stéphane de la Rocque (WHO/OIE), Carlos Francisco Dora (WHO), Beatriz Gomez Castro (CBD), Samantha Collins (Bioversity International), Annie Cung (CBD), Jennifer Garard, Bruce Allan Gordon (WHO), Johan Hedlund (CBD), Kahoru Kanari, Sakhile Koketso (CBD), Lina Mahy (WHO/SCN), Yukiko Maruyama (WHO), Tanya McGregor (CBD), Christian Morris (CBD), Sabina Moya Huerta (WHO), Liz Mumford (WHO), Trang Nguyen (Bioversity International), Steve Osofsky (WCS), Nada Osseiran (WHO), Michaela Pfeiffer (WHO), Neil Pratt (CBD), Cathy Roth (WHO), Catalina Santamaria (CBD), Yahaya Sekagya, Negar Tayyar (UNU-IAS), Billy Tsekos (CBD), Ann Tutwiler (Bioversity International), Kieran Noonan Mooney (CBD), Anthony Ramos (EcoHealth Alliance), Shekar Saxena (WHO), Mohammad Taghi Yasamy (WHO), Stephan Weise (Bioversity International), Sarah Whitmee (Lancet – Rockefeller Foundation Commission on Planetary Health), Ekaterina Yakushina, Elena Villalobos (WHO), Qi Zhang (WHO), Camilla Zanzanaini (Bioversity International), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Alexander von Humboldt Institute, Australian National University, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, CONABIO, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Inís Communication, Loyola Sustainability Research Centre (LSRC), International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Parks Victoria, Australia, Organization for Animal Health (OIE), TRAFFIC, and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). The production of the State of Knowledge Review was enabled through financial and in kind contributions from the European Commission and the Government of France. PAR platform for agrobiodiversity research
Page 1: Connecting Global Priorities: Biodi
Page 6 and 7: Chapter authors Lead coordinating a
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents Forewords _______
Page 10 and 11: 11. Traditional medicine___________
Page 12 and 13: Foreword by the Director, Public He
Page 14 and 15: Biodiversity and Health “is a sta
Page 17 and 18: GLEN BOWES Executive Summary INTROD
Page 19 and 20: Multi-disciplinary research and app
Page 21 and 22: BIODIVERSITY, FOOD PRODUCTION AND N
Page 23 and 24: of wild foods increases during the
Page 25 and 26: most rapid increase in low- and mid
Page 27 and 28: human outbreaks, suggesting a senti
Page 29 and 30: purposes. These pose a threat both
Page 31 and 32: art, literature and dance. They for
Page 33 and 34: AIRMAN 1ST CLASS CHERYL SANZI (USAF
Page 35 and 36: through, inter alia, better underst
Page 37 and 38: Others include identifying and redu
Page 39 and 40: PART I Concepts, Themes & Direction
Page 41 and 42: and experts from the fields of biod
Page 43 and 44: Linkages and co-dependencies at the
Page 45 and 46: “species richness” is one of bi
Page 47 and 48: Box 1. A typology of biodiversity-h
Page 49 and 50: adequate responses targeting specif
Page 51 and 52: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK / FLICKR eco
Page 53 and 54: processes and associated thresholds
Page 55 and 56:
Land-use change is also the leading
Page 57 and 58:
Much of the natural and migration g
Page 59 and 60:
6. CONCLUSION: A THEMATIC APPROACH
Page 61 and 62:
PART II Thematic Areas in Biodivers
Page 63 and 64:
2. Water resources: an essential ec
Page 65 and 66:
Box 1. The Catskills: an ecosystem
Page 67 and 68:
• increased biomass of phytoplank
Page 69 and 70:
or to increase the growth rate of a
Page 71 and 72:
2002). Integrated water management
Page 73 and 74:
valuable benefits to human communit
Page 75 and 76:
In Cameroon, schistosomiasis has be
Page 77 and 78:
have been relatively successful wit
Page 79 and 80:
UNDP BANGLADESH / FLICKR 4. Biodive
Page 81 and 82:
summer (e.g. to cool buildings), in
Page 83 and 84:
Emissions occur primarily under con
Page 85 and 86:
in these urban areas is also typica
Page 87 and 88:
spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), black lo
Page 89 and 90:
(S)-containing pollutants. Species
Page 91 and 92:
CRAIG HANSEN 5. Agricultural biodiv
Page 93 and 94:
Box 1. Risks to animal genetic reso
Page 95 and 96:
With land conversion has come signi
Page 97 and 98:
2001; Wilby et al. 2009; Frison et
Page 99 and 100:
of spiders (important pest predator
Page 101 and 102:
• Oncogenic effects: tumour-formi
Page 103 and 104:
have been pesticides of many differ
Page 105 and 106:
integrated pest management (IPM), i
Page 107 and 108:
the world (PAR/FAO 2011). Despite p
Page 109 and 110:
Declaration which particularly invo
Page 111 and 112:
most likely to be negatively impact
Page 113 and 114:
RAWPIXEL LTD 6. Biodiversity and Nu
Page 115 and 116:
In view of these trends, monitoring
Page 117 and 118:
Table 1: Carotenoid content of sele
Page 119 and 120:
intakes of these nutrients and rela
Page 121 and 122:
een shown to stimulate productivity
Page 123 and 124:
4. Wild foods and human nutrition 3
Page 125 and 126:
some parts of the world. For exampl
Page 127 and 128:
depletion of some species (Nasi et
Page 129 and 130:
and how these foods can be used to
Page 131 and 132:
Results from the Philippine Nationa
Page 133 and 134:
7. Nutrition, biodiversity and agri
Page 135 and 136:
eeds sold at farmer’s markets aro
Page 137 and 138:
& Haider 2015). In Indonesia, the C
Page 139 and 140:
products and directing them to publ
Page 141 and 142:
Substitutes (WHO 1981). Text from t
Page 143 and 144:
malnutrition in all its forms and t
Page 145 and 146:
RAWPIXEL LTD / ISTOCKPHOTO novel, i
Page 147 and 148:
population increases, over five bil
Page 149 and 150:
of low competence (“diluting”)
Page 151 and 152:
fragmentation. A recent review inve
Page 153 and 154:
een removed from these areas, the v
Page 155 and 156:
contact and pathogen transmission o
Page 157 and 158:
number of cases has dramatically in
Page 159 and 160:
Genetic diversity within such culti
Page 161 and 162:
and the evolution of a more suitabl
Page 163 and 164:
assessments - including wildlife di
Page 165 and 166:
monkey. If non-human primates are h
Page 167 and 168:
contributing to diminished immunore
Page 169 and 170:
helminth that could be administered
Page 171 and 172:
components in house dust was associ
Page 173 and 174:
4..1 etriental irobiota in unhealth
Page 175 and 176:
In low-income settings, exposure to
Page 177 and 178:
KIBAE PARK / UNITED NATION PHOTO /
Page 179 and 180:
a) Traditional versus microbiota-da
Page 181 and 182:
development for use in the US. Most
Page 183 and 184:
Case study: herus auatius and DNA r
Page 185 and 186:
In the coming decades, a great mass
Page 187 and 188:
Box 1. Overview of some of the majo
Page 189 and 190:
attention only in recent years, as
Page 191 and 192:
APIs with similar modes of action)
Page 193 and 194:
several potential knock-in impacts
Page 195 and 196:
widespread use (Boxall et al. 2012)
Page 197 and 198:
environments, and is usually passed
Page 199 and 200:
in cats claw is so immense that, in
Page 201 and 202:
among healers and act according to
Page 203 and 204:
Box 4. Therapeutic and sacred lands
Page 205 and 206:
(PROMETRA),⁵ which has been worki
Page 207 and 208:
Box 5: Participatory approaches to
Page 209 and 210:
The case of the RITAM initiative (i
Page 211 and 212:
esources and equitable sharing of b
Page 213 and 214:
6.1 Innovations and incentives It i
Page 215 and 216:
These cases highlight that promotin
Page 217 and 218:
we interact with other life forms i
Page 219 and 220:
health benefits of exposure to gree
Page 221 and 222:
3. Biodiversity, green space, exerc
Page 223 and 224:
NCDs and their risk factors can be
Page 225 and 226:
al. (2012) and Fuller et al. (2007)
Page 227 and 228:
UNITED NATIONS PHOTO / FLICKR Recog
Page 229 and 230:
While many community-specific linka
Page 231 and 232:
Therapeutic and biocultural landsca
Page 233 and 234:
Box 6. Ko Omapere te wai, Aotearoa
Page 235 and 236:
The high biodiversity ecosystems wi
Page 237 and 238:
PART III Cross-Cutting Issues, Tool
Page 239 and 240:
The chapters in this volume have dr
Page 241 and 242:
al. 2014), though advances in techn
Page 243 and 244:
2. Climate change challenges at the
Page 245 and 246:
adaptation and mitigation strategie
Page 247 and 248:
Box 2 discusses the impact of heat
Page 249 and 250:
.5.1 ountain eosstes and liate hang
Page 251 and 252:
poor and vulnerable communities, in
Page 253 and 254:
Women (MDD-W), which has been sugge
Page 255 and 256:
displacement, injury, or loss of so
Page 257 and 258:
enhance preparedness towards the ad
Page 259 and 260:
Case study: The use of vegetation i
Page 261 and 262:
While community members and visitor
Page 263 and 264:
from local forests, while wild food
Page 265 and 266:
Case study: Pressure on water resou
Page 267 and 268:
STEPHAN BACHENHEIMER / WORLD BANK P
Page 269 and 270:
unwanted pregnancies, and the imple
Page 271 and 272:
Business-as-usual scenarios were co
Page 273 and 274:
industrial food production systems
Page 275 and 276:
Table 1 : Some key biodiversity-hea
Page 277 and 278:
(f) Addressing the unintended negat
Page 279 and 280:
intersectoral collaboration on biod
Page 281 and 282:
Ecosystem Assessment, is a framewor
Page 283 and 284:
Table 2: Examples of cross-cutting
Page 285 and 286:
7. Shaping behaviour and engaging c
Page 287 and 288:
execution techniques; this is the a
Page 289 and 290:
“reduce biodiversity loss, achiev
Page 291 and 292:
antagonistic effects of complementa
Page 293 and 294:
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: the e
Page 295 and 296:
United Nations Task Team on Social
Page 297 and 298:
Drace, K.; Kiefer, A. M.; Veiga, M.
Page 299 and 300:
Oliver, D.M., Heathwaite, L., Hayga
Page 301 and 302:
WWF. (2012). Living Planet Report 2
Page 303 and 304:
Nowak D.J., Hirabayashi S., et al.
Page 305 and 306:
CBD (2014) Emerging key messages fo
Page 307 and 308:
Halwart, M. (2013) Valuing aquatic
Page 309 and 310:
Micronutrient Initiative (2009) Inv
Page 311 and 312:
Smith, P. and M. Bustamante (2013)
Page 313 and 314:
Barnes, K.K., Collins, T.A., Dion,
Page 315 and 316:
Elyse Messer, A. (2015) World crop
Page 317 and 318:
Hooper, D. U. , F. S. Chapin III, J
Page 319 and 320:
McDermott, J., Johnson, N., Kadiyal
Page 321 and 322:
Schulp, C.J.E., Thuiller, W. and Ve
Page 323 and 324:
WHO (2012a). Obesity and Overweight
Page 325 and 326:
Dornelas, M., Gotelli, N. J., McGil
Page 327 and 328:
Mack, R., Simberloff D., Lonsdale W
Page 329 and 330:
Suzán, G., Marcé, E., Giermakowsk
Page 331 and 332:
Ege MJ, Mayer M, Normand AC, Genune
Page 333 and 334:
O’Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG, Brownin
Page 335 and 336:
Zeeuwen PL, Kleerebezem M, Timmerma
Page 337 and 338:
Floate KD, Wardhaugh KG, Boxall ABA
Page 339 and 340:
Bertrand Graz, Healing and preventi
Page 341 and 342:
Unnikrishnan, P.M., Prakash, B.N. (
Page 343 and 344:
Ellett, L., Freeman, D., Garety, P.
Page 345 and 346:
Mitchell, R., Popham, F. (2008) Eff
Page 347 and 348:
Williams, D. R., & Huffman, M. G. (
Page 349 and 350:
Eriksson, M., Jianchu, X., Shrestha
Page 351 and 352:
Parmesan, C., & Martens, P. (2009).
Page 353 and 354:
Das, S. and Crépin, A-S. 2013. Man
Page 355 and 356:
Sudmeier-Rieux, K. and Ash, N. (200
Page 357 and 358:
Robbins, P. (2011). Political ecolo
Page 359 and 360:
Golden S. D., Earp J. A. (2012). So
Page 364:
Secretariat of the Convention on Bi
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