DESIGNING PROJECTS IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD

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Multi-stakeholder Engagement Project cycle RAPTA Resilience Social–ecological system (SES) Specified resilience Stakeholders Stakeholder Analysis Sustainability and Sustainable Development System Scenarios or Futures Threshold (aka critical transition) Transformability Transformation Transition A (structured) process used to ensure participation on a specific issue and based on a set of principles, sometimes inspired by the rights-based approach to development (i.e. freedom of association, the right to participate in political processes and freedom of opinion, speech and expression). The process aims to ensure participatory equity, accountability and transparency and to develop partnerships and networks among different stakeholders. Specific tools and approaches can be found in UNDP (2006) and DiFD (2002). The cycle of project development spanning inception, design, delivery or implementation and aftermath or legacy. This generic approach is more refined for GEF projects which include identification, design, implementation and impact legacy. Resilience, Adaptation Pathways and Transformation Assessment (RAPTA) is an integrated assessment process to guide management and monitoring of complex social–ecological systems. It has broad application in supporting project planning and implementation for sustainable land management and other social–ecological systems. Resilience is a property of a social–ecological system. It refers the ability of a system to absorb shocks, such as drought, but reorganise so as to retain the same functions, structure, and feedbacks (ie the same identity). Resilience is neither good nor bad – a system could be in an undesirable state but still be resilient to shocks, such as, a grassland that has been invaded by unpalatable shrubs. This contested term has many other definitions, as discussed in the literature (e.g. Adger, 2000; Barrett & Constas, 2014; Manyena, 2006; Mastern et al., 1990; McCann, 2000). Interacting system of ecosystems and human society with reciprocal feedback and interdependence. The concept emphasizes the humans-in-nature perspective. Resilience of particular parts of a system to identified disturbances “of what, to what?” i.e. where their potential future occurrence is known or suspected, though the timing and magnitude may be unknown. A stakeholder is any entity with a declared or conceivable interest or stake in a system. The range of relevant stakeholders to consider varies according to the complexity, issue, area and the type of intervention proposed. Stakeholders can be individuals, organizations or informal groups. A methodology used to understand stakeholders. It takes various forms but usually incorporates understanding four attributes: 1) the stakeholders’ position on the issue;2) the level of influence (power) they hold; 3) the level of interest they have in the specific intervention; and, 4) the group/coalition to which they belong or are linked. Sustainability is a contested term used in a “universalist sense” encompassing the notions that the planet and its people endure in perpetuity, while maintaining health, prosperity and well-being. This is commonly translated into a concept of three interdependent “pillars” of sustainability, i.e. maintaining environmental, social and economic health. Sustainable development is “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland, 1987). There is increasing recognition that in order for human goals to be met, prerequisite ecosystem functions must be maintained. See Social-Ecological System (SES) Narratives that describes a possible future, by identifying characteristic features, significant events, actors and mechanisms. A set of scenarios that bracket the range of possible futures is a useful tool for examining the kinds of processes and dynamics that could lead to a SES developing along particular trajectories. The point at which a relatively small change or disturbance in external conditions causes a rapid change in an system. Transformability is the capacity for a system to be transformed to a different system. See Transformation. A system change to a new identity. The course of the trajectory from one domain of a system to another, or from one kind of system to another (i.e. a transformational change). 96 Appendices
B.2 RESILIENCE, ADAPTATION AND TRANSFORMATION – A ROUGH TAXONOMY OF TERMS USED DIFFERENTLY BY DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE Different communities of practice use the terms resilience, adaptation and transformation differently, and this can lead to some dissonance. A rough taxonomy of the use of these terms by some communities of practice is shown in Figure 22. The community of practice around social-ecological resilience has a clear definition around system identity (as defined by controlling variables, feedbacks and thresholds), and views the term “adaptation” as changes which maintain system identity even though the domain or “regime” may be different. A change to a different system identity is labelled a transformation. The system identity at a higher scale may be maintained by transformation at lower scale and thus the concepts are coherent within a multi-scale lens. Resilience is seen as a system property, neither good, nor bad. Some communities of practice, especially those stemming from climate adaptation, use the terms differently. They interpret “maintenance of system identity” as “staying the same”. Because the climate is changing, their view is that the ecological system “staying the same” is not within the realms of plausible options, and that therefore adaptation is the only way forward. There is no clear distinction of when the system changes and becomes a different one (transformation). There is more focus on trends and incremental change. The terms “incremental adaptation” and “transformational adaptation” are more recently used. Figure 22 Perceptions of the concepts of Resilience, Adaptation and Transformation Appendices 97
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DESIGNING PROJECTS IN A RAPIDLY CHA
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DESIGNING PROJECTS IN A RAPIDLY CHA
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CONTENTS FOREWORD..................
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES
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ABSTRACT RAPTA is a unique tool to
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RAPTA COMPONENTS 1. Scoping: a stan
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT RAPTA was de
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INTRODUCTION TO RAPTA AND ITS APPLI
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1.2 KEY CONCEPTS: RESILIENCE, ADAPT
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BOX B Seven principles of resilienc
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BOX C Intervention options and adap
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gaps. In short, it is a flexible, a
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OVERVIEW OF THE RAPTA PROCESS 2 If
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The “systems view” encouraged b
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description is available. The Syste
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are not intended to replace current
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and requirements that RAPTA could b
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RAPTA GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT IDENTI
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Scoping is a standard component of
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Step 5 Review how resources are to
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3.2.3 Steps to Multi-Stakeholder En
Page 50 and 51: • How should the identified stake
Page 52 and 53: BOX G Example of engagement process
Page 54 and 55: • How do you make this RAPTA comp
Page 56 and 57: 3.3 THEORY OF CHANGE RAPTA PROCESS
Page 58 and 59: BOX I Use of term ‘Pathways’ in
Page 60 and 61: 3.4 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION RAPTA PROCES
Page 62 and 63: assess the difficulty or not of cha
Page 64 and 65: Step 4 Describe key social-ecologic
Page 66 and 67: shared and used to inform adaptive
Page 68 and 69: BOX L Example: different domains in
Page 70 and 71: BOX N The RESILIENCE ATLAS and Vita
Page 72 and 73: 3.5.4 What this component will prod
Page 74 and 75: 3.6.3 Steps to take Step 1 Draw on
Page 76 and 77: Table 1 Characterizing and prioriti
Page 78 and 79: long-term role of the Theory of Cha
Page 80 and 81: decision points, implementation tri
Page 82 and 83: Learning serves four objectives:
Page 84 and 85: all RAPTA components and activities
Page 86 and 87: BOX R An approach to learning for p
Page 88 and 89: HOW TO USE RAPTA IN THE GEF PROJECT
Page 90 and 91: input of different knowledge types,
Page 92 and 93: Table 3 The RAPTA components, activ
Page 94 and 95: System Assessment Options and Pathw
Page 96 and 97: APPENDICES 5 92 Appendices
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX B GLOSSARY AND KEY CONCEPT
Page 102 and 103: B.3 STABILITY DOMAINS The term “d
Page 104 and 105: APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 3.
Page 106 and 107: FACTORS THAT MAY HINDER IMPLEMENTAT
Page 108 and 109: APPENDIX D LEARNING EXAMPLES Table
Page 110: 106 Appendices
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DESIGNING PROJECTS IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD

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