in the 21st Century

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168 Kenya’s Financial Transformation in the 21st Century well connected (both economically and in terms of mobile technology) and thus saw their use increase relatively more compared with those urban areas who did not experience as large an increase in their utilisation of M-PESA. Figure 12: Urban-rural diff-in-diff by probability of M-PESA use in 2009 Urban-rural difference in growth of using M-PESA 0.2 0.15 0.1 Growth amongst those who were very unlikely to use M-PESA was higher in urban areas 0.05 Probability of using M-PESA in 2009 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -0.05 -0.1 Growth amongst those more likely to use M-PESA was higher in -0.15 rural areas -0.2 -0.25 -0.3 Gender gaps Figure 13 conducts a similar exercise to that in the previous section, but with regard to gender differences instead of the rural-urban divide. It shows the adoption of M-PESA in 2009 by gender – men are more likely to have adopted, although the difference is less pronounced than it is between rural and urban individuals. Still, the median man was twice as likely to use M-PESA as the median woman that year. The female-male double difference, based on 2009 probability of using M-PESA, is shown in Figure 14. The patterns exhibited bear a resemblance to those in Figure 12 (except at the very lowest probabilities). The relative growth in adoption by women over time compared with that of men mirrored the evolution of use by rural residents vis-à-vis urbanites, reflecting both the early adoption by men and a partial catching-up by women.
The Digitisation of Financial Services 169 Figure 13: M-PESA adoption by gender, 2009 1 0.9 0.8 Probability of using M-PESA 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Men Women 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentile rank Figure 14: Female-male difference-in-difference gender gap, 2009–2013 Female-male difference in growth of using M-PESA 0.06 0.04 0.02 Probability of using M-PESA in 2009 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1 -0.12 For most of the distribution, women saw higher growth than men
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Kenya’s Financial Transformation
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FSD Kenya 5th floor, KMA Centre Cor
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Dedication Ravi Ramrattan was FSD
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2 Kenya’s Financial Transformatio
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CHAPTER 1 Transformation of Kenya
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CHAPTER 2 The Geography of Financia
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CHAPTER 3 Formal Financial Inclusio
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CHAPTER 7 Financial Capability and
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