Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang SME- Subject Matter Expert http://cn.bing.com/videos/search?q=Walter+Lewin&FORM=HDRSC3 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiEHVhv0SBMpP75JbzJShqw
Gamma- <strong>Radiography</strong> TABLE 1. Characteristics <strong>of</strong> three isotope sources commonly used for radiography. Source T½ Energy HVL HVL Specific Dose rate* Pb Fe Activity Co60 5.3 year 1.17, 1.33 MeV 12.5mm 22.1mm 50 Cig -1 1.37011 Cs137 30 years 0.66 MeV 6.4mm 17.2mm 25 Cig -1 0.38184 Ir192 75 days 0.14 ~ 1.2 MeV 4.8mm ? 350 Cig -1 0.59163 (Aver. 0.34 MeV) Th232 0.068376 Dose rate* Rem/hr at one meter per curie Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 1 and 2: Understanding Neutron Radiography R
Page 3 and 4: Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
Page 5 and 6: Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Page 9 and 10: 3. Techniques/Calibrations • Bloc
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Page 19 and 20: Whole Chapter 5 Radiation Measureme
Page 21 and 22: Radiation Detection Systems Some fo
Page 23 and 24: PART 2. Ion Chambers and Proportion
Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 1. Ion pair (showing ejected
Page 27 and 28: FIGURE 2. Basic ionization chamber
Page 29 and 30: Photoelectric Absorption An atom co
Page 31 and 32: Compton Scatter Collision of a phot
Page 33 and 34: Pair Production Note pair productio
Page 35 and 36: Linear Energy Transfer [LET] LET is
Page 37 and 38: Simulation of various radiation ene
Page 39 and 40: Sources of Attenuation The attenuat
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Page 45 and 46: The electron that is removed is the
Page 47 and 48: Photoelectric effect ABSORBED Charl
Page 49 and 50: Compton effect or Compton scatter i
Page 53 and 54: The reason at least 1.022 MeV of ph
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Page 57 and 58: Photoelectric (PE) absorption Photo
Page 59 and 60: This second applet is similar to th
Page 61 and 62: Photoelectric effect, or photoelect
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First principle mechanism of ioniza
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Thomson scattering (R), also known
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Ion current chambers have a respons
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FIGURE 4. Energy and directional re
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Ionization Chambers Charlie Chong/
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Compton scattering (C) (incoherent
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Output Current Measurements The ion
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers An alt
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers Cary V
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The weak current generated in the c
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Older electrometers Gold-leaf elect
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Volta Ele
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Gold-leaf electroscope Charlie Chon
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Vibrating reed electrometers Vibrat
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FIGURE 7. Examples of ionization ch
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FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
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Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. Char
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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WWII Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Radiac
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Pocket dosimeters tended to be slig
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Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. CDV-
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Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Charli
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WWII Heroes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
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FIGURE 10. Energy dependence of res
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Proportional Counters If the electr
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Townsend Discharges (Avalanches) Th
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General description of the phenomen
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The avalanche mechanism is shown in
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Visualization of Proportional Count
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Multiple Gas Amplification due to m
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PART 3. Geiger-Müller Counters Ope
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Visualization of Geiger Muller Gas
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Properties Extension of the gas ava
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Correct counting rate R can be calc
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FIGURE 11. Resolving time, dead tim
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FIGURE 12. Processing of detector i
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Quenching As positive ions are coll
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FIGURE 13. Assortment of geiger-mü
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Geiger Muller Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Design Variations Geiger-müller co
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FIGURE 14. Dose rate ratio versus e
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TABLE 1. Characteristics of three i
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Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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FIGURE 15. Typical energy response
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(b) radiation incident on side vers
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(d) radiation incident normal to lo
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TABLE 3. Common scintillators. Char
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FIGURE 16. Energy diagram of scinti
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Desirable Scintillator Characterist
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Electron multiplication, or gain, i
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PMT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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PMT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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System Electronics Once the output
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PART 5. Luminescent Dosimetry Therm
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Thermoluminescence Charlie Chong/ F
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Disadvantages include the loss of i
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Thermoluminescent Dosimetric Readou
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FIGURE 20. Typical glow curve. Inte
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TDL Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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TDL Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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PART 6. Neutron Detection Character
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TABLE 4. Neutron classification. Cl
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Scintillation Scintillators contain
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TABLE 6. Properties of Some Thermal
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Detector The diffused p-n junction
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Surface Barrier Detectors The opera
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TABLE 5. Radiation detector types.
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FIGURE 21. Cross sections: (a) diff
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PART 8. Film Badges One of the most
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The absorption of a single photon o
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Compounds that can be used as photo
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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