Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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Personnel Monitoring Instruments Pocket Chambers Personnel monitoring instruments, some the size of a ball point pen, are usually the integrating type and contain an ionization chamber. One version, the pocket chamber, requires the application of an initial charge of 150 to 200 V by an external instrument. Zero dose is then indicated on a scale contained in the charging unit. Exposure of the chamber to ionization decreases the initial charge. When the chamber is reconnected to the charging unit the reduced charge is translated to the level of exposure (Fig. 8). Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz fiber pocket dosimeter. Legend 1. Low atomic number wall 2. Graphite coated paper shell 3. Aluminum terminal head 4. Aluminum terminal sleeve 5. Polystyrene support bushing 6. Central electrode, graphite coated 7. Polyethylene insulating washer 8. Polystyrene fixed bushing 9. Electrode contact 10. Retaining ring 11. Aluminum base cap 12. Polyethylene friction bushing Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Understanding Neutron Radiography R
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3. Techniques/Calibrations • Bloc
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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Gamma- Radiography TABLE 1. Charact
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://gr
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Whole Chapter 5 Radiation Measureme
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Radiation Detection Systems Some fo
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PART 2. Ion Chambers and Proportion
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FIGURE 1. Ion pair (showing ejected
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FIGURE 2. Basic ionization chamber
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Photoelectric Absorption An atom co
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Compton Scatter Collision of a phot
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Pair Production Note pair productio
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Linear Energy Transfer [LET] LET is
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Simulation of various radiation ene
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Sources of Attenuation The attenuat
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ra
Page 45 and 46: The electron that is removed is the
Page 47 and 48: Photoelectric effect ABSORBED Charl
Page 49 and 50: Compton effect or Compton scatter i
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Page 53 and 54: The reason at least 1.022 MeV of ph
Page 55 and 56: Pair Production Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 57 and 58: Photoelectric (PE) absorption Photo
Page 59 and 60: This second applet is similar to th
Page 61 and 62: Photoelectric effect, or photoelect
Page 63 and 64: First principle mechanism of ioniza
Page 65 and 66: Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
Page 67 and 68: Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
Page 69 and 70: Thomson scattering (R), also known
Page 71 and 72: Ion current chambers have a respons
Page 73 and 74: FIGURE 4. Energy and directional re
Page 75 and 76: Ionization Chambers Charlie Chong/
Page 77 and 78: Compton scattering (C) (incoherent
Page 79 and 80: Output Current Measurements The ion
Page 81 and 82: Vibrating Reed Electrometers An alt
Page 83 and 84: Vibrating Reed Electrometers Cary V
Page 85 and 86: The weak current generated in the c
Page 87 and 88: Older electrometers Gold-leaf elect
Page 89 and 90: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Volta Ele
Page 91 and 92: Gold-leaf electroscope Charlie Chon
Page 93 and 94: Vibrating reed electrometers Vibrat
Page 95: FIGURE 7. Examples of ionization ch
Page 99 and 100: Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. Char
Page 105 and 106: Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
Page 113 and 114: WWII Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 115 and 116: Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Radiac
Page 119 and 120: Pocket dosimeters tended to be slig
Page 121 and 122: Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. CDV-
Page 125 and 126: Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Charli
Page 127 and 128: WWII Heroes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 129 and 130: FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 10. Energy dependence of res
Page 133 and 134: Proportional Counters If the electr
Page 135 and 136: Townsend Discharges (Avalanches) Th
Page 137 and 138: General description of the phenomen
Page 139 and 140: The avalanche mechanism is shown in
Page 141 and 142: Visualization of Proportional Count
Page 143 and 144: Multiple Gas Amplification due to m
Page 145 and 146: PART 3. Geiger-Müller Counters Ope
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Visualization of Geiger Muller Gas
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Properties Extension of the gas ava
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Correct counting rate R can be calc
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FIGURE 11. Resolving time, dead tim
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FIGURE 12. Processing of detector i
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Quenching As positive ions are coll
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FIGURE 13. Assortment of geiger-mü
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Geiger Muller Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Design Variations Geiger-müller co
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FIGURE 14. Dose rate ratio versus e
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TABLE 1. Characteristics of three i
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Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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FIGURE 15. Typical energy response
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(b) radiation incident on side vers
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(d) radiation incident normal to lo
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TABLE 3. Common scintillators. Char
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FIGURE 16. Energy diagram of scinti
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Desirable Scintillator Characterist
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Electron multiplication, or gain, i
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PMT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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PMT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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System Electronics Once the output
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PART 5. Luminescent Dosimetry Therm
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Thermoluminescence Charlie Chong/ F
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Disadvantages include the loss of i
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Thermoluminescent Dosimetric Readou
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FIGURE 20. Typical glow curve. Inte
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TDL Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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TDL Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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PART 6. Neutron Detection Character
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TABLE 4. Neutron classification. Cl
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Scintillation Scintillators contain
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TABLE 6. Properties of Some Thermal
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Detector The diffused p-n junction
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Surface Barrier Detectors The opera
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TABLE 5. Radiation detector types.
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FIGURE 21. Cross sections: (a) diff
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PART 8. Film Badges One of the most
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The absorption of a single photon o
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Compounds that can be used as photo
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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