Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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dose equivalent (in rems) is equal to the absorbed dose (in rads) multiplied by the quality factor of the type of radiation rems rads Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/rem-roentgen-equivalent-man.html
PART 3. Geiger-Müller Counters Operating Voltage Level Increasing voltage beyond the proportional region (Fig. 3) will eventually cause the gas avalanche to extend along the entire length of the anode wire. When this happens, the end of the proportionalregion is reached and the geiger-müller region begins. An instrument operating in this voltage range, using a sealed gas filled detector, is referred to as a geiger-müller counter, a GM counter or simply a geiger tube. This instrument was introduced in 1928 and its simplicity and low cost have made it the most popular radiation detector since then. Geiger-müller counters complement the ion chamber and proportional counter and comprise the third category of gas filled detectors based on ionization. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Understanding Neutron Radiography R
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3. Techniques/Calibrations • Bloc
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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Gamma- Radiography TABLE 1. Charact
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://gr
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Whole Chapter 5 Radiation Measureme
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Radiation Detection Systems Some fo
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PART 2. Ion Chambers and Proportion
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FIGURE 1. Ion pair (showing ejected
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FIGURE 2. Basic ionization chamber
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Photoelectric Absorption An atom co
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Compton Scatter Collision of a phot
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Pair Production Note pair productio
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Linear Energy Transfer [LET] LET is
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Simulation of various radiation ene
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Sources of Attenuation The attenuat
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ra
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The electron that is removed is the
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Photoelectric effect ABSORBED Charl
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Compton effect or Compton scatter i
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The reason at least 1.022 MeV of ph
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Pair Production Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photoelectric (PE) absorption Photo
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This second applet is similar to th
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Photoelectric effect, or photoelect
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First principle mechanism of ioniza
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Thomson scattering (R), also known
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Ion current chambers have a respons
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FIGURE 4. Energy and directional re
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Ionization Chambers Charlie Chong/
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Compton scattering (C) (incoherent
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Output Current Measurements The ion
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers An alt
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers Cary V
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The weak current generated in the c
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Older electrometers Gold-leaf elect
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Volta Ele
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Gold-leaf electroscope Charlie Chon
Page 93 and 94: Vibrating reed electrometers Vibrat
Page 95 and 96: FIGURE 7. Examples of ionization ch
Page 97 and 98: FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
Page 99 and 100: Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. Char
Page 105 and 106: Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Page 113 and 114: WWII Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 115 and 116: Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Radiac
Page 119 and 120: Pocket dosimeters tended to be slig
Page 121 and 122: Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. CDV-
Page 125 and 126: Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Charli
Page 127 and 128: WWII Heroes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 129 and 130: FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 10. Energy dependence of res
Page 133 and 134: Proportional Counters If the electr
Page 135 and 136: Townsend Discharges (Avalanches) Th
Page 137 and 138: General description of the phenomen
Page 139 and 140: The avalanche mechanism is shown in
Page 141 and 142: Visualization of Proportional Count
Page 143: Multiple Gas Amplification due to m
Page 147 and 148: Visualization of Geiger Muller Gas
Page 149 and 150: Properties Extension of the gas ava
Page 151 and 152: Correct counting rate R can be calc
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 11. Resolving time, dead tim
Page 155 and 156: FIGURE 12. Processing of detector i
Page 157 and 158: Quenching As positive ions are coll
Page 159 and 160: FIGURE 13. Assortment of geiger-mü
Page 161 and 162: Geiger Muller Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
Page 169 and 170: Design Variations Geiger-müller co
Page 171 and 172: FIGURE 14. Dose rate ratio versus e
Page 173 and 174: TABLE 1. Characteristics of three i
Page 175 and 176: Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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Page 183 and 184: FIGURE 15. Typical energy response
Page 185 and 186: (b) radiation incident on side vers
Page 187 and 188: (d) radiation incident normal to lo
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 3. Common scintillators. Char
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 16. Energy diagram of scinti
Page 193 and 194: Desirable Scintillator Characterist
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Electron multiplication, or gain, i
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PMT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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PMT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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System Electronics Once the output
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PART 5. Luminescent Dosimetry Therm
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Thermoluminescence Charlie Chong/ F
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Disadvantages include the loss of i
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Thermoluminescent Dosimetric Readou
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FIGURE 20. Typical glow curve. Inte
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TDL Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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TDL Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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PART 6. Neutron Detection Character
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TABLE 4. Neutron classification. Cl
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Scintillation Scintillators contain
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TABLE 6. Properties of Some Thermal
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Detector The diffused p-n junction
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Surface Barrier Detectors The opera
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TABLE 5. Radiation detector types.
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FIGURE 21. Cross sections: (a) diff
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PART 8. Film Badges One of the most
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The absorption of a single photon o
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Compounds that can be used as photo
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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