Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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Development Many materials discolor with exposure to light (some kinds of wood and human skin are examples) and could be used to record images. Most of these materials react to light exposure on a 1:1 basis — one photon of light alters one molecule or atom. In the silver halide system of radiography, however, a few atoms of photolytically deposited silver can, by development, be made to trigger the subsequent chemical deposition of some 10 9 or 10 10 additional silver atoms, resulting in an amplification factor on the order of 10 9 or greater. This amplification process can be uniform and reproducible enough for quantitative radiation measurements. Development is essentially a chemical reduction in which silver halide is converted to metallic silver. To retain the photographic image, however, the reaction must be limited largely to those grains that contain a latent image; that is, to those grains that have received more than a prescribed minimum radiation exposure. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Compounds that can be used as photographic developing agents are those in which the reduction of silver halide to metallic silver is catalyzed (speeded up) by the presence of metallic silver in the latent image. Those compounds that reduce silver halide, in the absence of a catalytic effect by the latent image, are not suitable developing agents because they produce a uniform overall density on the processed film. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Understanding Neutron Radiography R
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3. Techniques/Calibrations • Bloc
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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Gamma- Radiography TABLE 1. Charact
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://gr
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Whole Chapter 5 Radiation Measureme
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Radiation Detection Systems Some fo
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PART 2. Ion Chambers and Proportion
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FIGURE 1. Ion pair (showing ejected
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FIGURE 2. Basic ionization chamber
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Photoelectric Absorption An atom co
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Compton Scatter Collision of a phot
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Pair Production Note pair productio
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Linear Energy Transfer [LET] LET is
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Simulation of various radiation ene
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Sources of Attenuation The attenuat
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ra
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The electron that is removed is the
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Photoelectric effect ABSORBED Charl
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Compton effect or Compton scatter i
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The reason at least 1.022 MeV of ph
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Pair Production Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photoelectric (PE) absorption Photo
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This second applet is similar to th
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Photoelectric effect, or photoelect
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First principle mechanism of ioniza
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Thomson scattering (R), also known
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Ion current chambers have a respons
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FIGURE 4. Energy and directional re
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Ionization Chambers Charlie Chong/
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Compton scattering (C) (incoherent
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Output Current Measurements The ion
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers An alt
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers Cary V
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The weak current generated in the c
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Older electrometers Gold-leaf elect
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Volta Ele
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Gold-leaf electroscope Charlie Chon
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Vibrating reed electrometers Vibrat
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FIGURE 7. Examples of ionization ch
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FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
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Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. Char
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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WWII Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Radiac
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Pocket dosimeters tended to be slig
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Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. CDV-
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Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Charli
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WWII Heroes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
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FIGURE 10. Energy dependence of res
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Proportional Counters If the electr
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Townsend Discharges (Avalanches) Th
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General description of the phenomen
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The avalanche mechanism is shown in
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Visualization of Proportional Count
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Multiple Gas Amplification due to m
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PART 3. Geiger-Müller Counters Ope
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Visualization of Geiger Muller Gas
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Properties Extension of the gas ava
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Correct counting rate R can be calc
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FIGURE 11. Resolving time, dead tim
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FIGURE 12. Processing of detector i
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Quenching As positive ions are coll
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FIGURE 13. Assortment of geiger-mü
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Geiger Muller Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Design Variations Geiger-müller co
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FIGURE 14. Dose rate ratio versus e
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TABLE 1. Characteristics of three i
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Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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Mini Geiger Muller Alarm Meter Char
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FIGURE 15. Typical energy response
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Page 217 and 218: PART 6. Neutron Detection Character
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Page 221 and 222: Scintillation Scintillators contain
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 6. Properties of Some Thermal
Page 225 and 226: Detector The diffused p-n junction
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Page 229 and 230: TABLE 5. Radiation detector types.
Page 231 and 232: FIGURE 21. Cross sections: (a) diff
Page 233 and 234: PART 8. Film Badges One of the most
Page 235: The absorption of a single photon o
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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