Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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Applications Geiger-müller counters are the most widely used, general purpose radiation survey instruments. It must be remembered that geiger-müller counters, unlike current ionization chambers, read pulses (regardless of their energy or ionizing potential) and register in counts per minute. Some instruments have a scale calibrated in milliroentgens per hour (mR·h –1 ); however, this is an arbitrary scale calibrated on the radiation from radium-226, cesium-137 or some other energy (Fig. 15). Another scale is microsieverts per second (μSv·s –1 ). A sensitivity versus energy table should always be consulted before making measurements with a geiger-müller instrument. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
FIGURE 15. Typical energy response curves for geiger-müller counters (a) shielded versus unshielded; (b) radiation incident on side versus front; (c) exposure ratio close to ideal with radiation incident normal to long axis of probe; (d) radiation incident normal to long axis of probe. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Understanding Neutron Radiography R
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Spallation Source Charlie Chong/ Fi
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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3. Techniques/Calibrations • Bloc
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
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Gamma- Radiography TABLE 1. Charact
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://gr
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Whole Chapter 5 Radiation Measureme
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Radiation Detection Systems Some fo
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PART 2. Ion Chambers and Proportion
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FIGURE 1. Ion pair (showing ejected
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FIGURE 2. Basic ionization chamber
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Photoelectric Absorption An atom co
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Compton Scatter Collision of a phot
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Pair Production Note pair productio
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Linear Energy Transfer [LET] LET is
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Simulation of various radiation ene
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Sources of Attenuation The attenuat
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ra
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The electron that is removed is the
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Photoelectric effect ABSORBED Charl
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Compton effect or Compton scatter i
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The reason at least 1.022 MeV of ph
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Pair Production Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Photoelectric (PE) absorption Photo
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This second applet is similar to th
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Photoelectric effect, or photoelect
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First principle mechanism of ioniza
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Charlie
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Thomson scattering (R), also known
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Ion current chambers have a respons
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FIGURE 4. Energy and directional re
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Ionization Chambers Charlie Chong/
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Compton scattering (C) (incoherent
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Output Current Measurements The ion
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers An alt
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Vibrating Reed Electrometers Cary V
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The weak current generated in the c
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Older electrometers Gold-leaf elect
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Volta Ele
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Gold-leaf electroscope Charlie Chon
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Vibrating reed electrometers Vibrat
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FIGURE 7. Examples of ionization ch
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FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
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Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. Char
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Manhattan Project Charlie Chong/ Fi
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WWII Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Radiac
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Pocket dosimeters tended to be slig
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Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeter. CDV-
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Ion Chamber Charger & Reader Charli
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WWII Heroes Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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FIGURE 8. Cross section of quartz f
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 10. Energy dependence of res
Page 133 and 134: Proportional Counters If the electr
Page 135 and 136: Townsend Discharges (Avalanches) Th
Page 137 and 138: General description of the phenomen
Page 139 and 140: The avalanche mechanism is shown in
Page 141 and 142: Visualization of Proportional Count
Page 143 and 144: Multiple Gas Amplification due to m
Page 145 and 146: PART 3. Geiger-Müller Counters Ope
Page 147 and 148: Visualization of Geiger Muller Gas
Page 149 and 150: Properties Extension of the gas ava
Page 151 and 152: Correct counting rate R can be calc
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 11. Resolving time, dead tim
Page 155 and 156: FIGURE 12. Processing of detector i
Page 157 and 158: Quenching As positive ions are coll
Page 159 and 160: FIGURE 13. Assortment of geiger-mü
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Page 171 and 172: FIGURE 14. Dose rate ratio versus e
Page 173 and 174: TABLE 1. Characteristics of three i
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Page 189 and 190: TABLE 3. Common scintillators. Char
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 16. Energy diagram of scinti
Page 193 and 194: Desirable Scintillator Characterist
Page 195 and 196: Electron multiplication, or gain, i
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Page 201 and 202: System Electronics Once the output
Page 203 and 204: PART 5. Luminescent Dosimetry Therm
Page 205 and 206: Thermoluminescence Charlie Chong/ F
Page 207 and 208: Disadvantages include the loss of i
Page 209 and 210: Thermoluminescent Dosimetric Readou
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 20. Typical glow curve. Inte
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Page 217 and 218: PART 6. Neutron Detection Character
Page 219 and 220: TABLE 4. Neutron classification. Cl
Page 221 and 222: Scintillation Scintillators contain
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 6. Properties of Some Thermal
Page 225 and 226: Detector The diffused p-n junction
Page 227 and 228: Surface Barrier Detectors The opera
Page 229 and 230: TABLE 5. Radiation detector types.
Page 231 and 232: FIGURE 21. Cross sections: (a) diff
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PART 8. Film Badges One of the most
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The absorption of a single photon o
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Compounds that can be used as photo
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Post Exam Reading VIII-Part 2a of 2A

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