Report - Social Watch Philippines

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2007, women’s national unemployment rates were lower than men’s. What were the labor trends in 2008 to 2009 noting the context of the three crises earlier discussed? Labor force participation rates were declining from 2005 to 2008, but began to rise from the 3rd quarter of 2008 until the end of 2009. It is interesting to note that this uptrend was driven by women, the very young (15-19 years old) and much older workers (55-64 years old) and those without a secondary education. According to Dejardin, during periods of economic downturn, when main breadwinners (usually considered the men) lose their jobs, the ‘added-worker’ effect kicks in; that is, families mobilize additional income-earners which means that women’s work hours are lengthened, as they are now busy with both reproductive and productive work. Furthermore, unemployment levels began to rise in the 4th quarter of 2008, for both women and men, and employment levels for those aged 20-24 fell. However, this paper agrees with the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES) 2010 report that states that unemployment levels as an indicator do not capture important labor trends given that the country’s labor force is signifi cantly composed of self-employed workers and unpaid family workers. Indeed, in a country where the coverage of social security is low, and without unemployment insurance, the people have no other recourse but to work in order to survive. 6 During the economic downturn experienced in 2008-2009, GDP growth rate fell to 1.1%, yet, employment continued to grow to 2.9%. It is important to ask: what kind of employment? Data shows that growth occurred mostly among part-time workers (8.4%) while full-time work actually fell (-0.5). According to BLES, this also happened during the Asian fi nancial crisis and the 2001 economic slowdown due to political events. The reverse is true of course, in good economic times: employment including full-time work goes up. The one exception was in 2006 when full-time work fell and part-time work went up at a time of stable economic growth. The labor fi gures in 2009-2010 illustrate the rise in jobs found in the informal sector: while the numbers of those employed grew from 35,477 to 35, 992, the numbers of those underemployed also rose from 6,875 to 7,102 persons. This underscores a marked increase in part-time and low productive work. 34 SOCIAL WATCH PHILIPPINES Indeed, by the fi rst half of 2009, the number of full-time jobs plummeted compared to 2008 levels, and an increase in full-time work in the latter half of 2009 was not enough to offset the number of full-time work previously lost. This was the result of many companies resorting to shorter and more ‘fl exible’ arrangements for their workers, in the face of falling export/market demand. In the second quarter of 2009, part-time work increased, mostly in the form of self-employment (e.g., own account and unpaid family members) of women and very young workers 15-19 years old, but in the second half of 2009, wage employment was driving the increase in part-time work. While an increase in wage employment can be seen as a signal of job recovery, Dejardin points out that it was the sector of private households that generated these jobs which are characterized as being among the lowest paid, and least protected. Furthermore, a rise in wage employment needs to be examined in the face of falling real incomes and the size of part-time work as this implies lower earnings and less job security. On a fi nal note, the 2006 FIES data reveals the following (see Figure 1): entrepreneurial activities and non-agricultural waged and salaried employment are the main sources of household income in the country. The poorest households are dependent on entrepreneurial activities – low-income subsistence activities, and agricultural wage employment – characterized by low wages for farmers, fi sherfolk and agricultural laborers. Furthermore, domestic remittances (from migration from rural to urban) is playing an increasing role for poorer households. Overseas remittances and nonagricultural wage incomes, on the other hand, benefi t families at the higher end of the economic ladder. That overseas remittances benefi t only a small percentage of households (23.8%) i.e. those with higher skills and assets, and underscores how overseas remittances are reinforcing inequalities. The Overseas Filipino Workers The Philippines continues to rely on overseas employment as a major anchor of the economy. In 2009 alone, we have deployed 1,422,586 (government report: 1,854,000) land-based and sea-based workers abroad, constituting 4.05% of average national employment for 2009 (see Table 4). In return, overseas Filipino workers have sent home a total of US$17.3 billion in remittances that kept our macroeconomic current account afl oat, and allowed
their families to thrive. The data, however, reveals challenges faced by our overseas workers. The increasing deployment of workers abroad refl ects the fact that employment opportunities in the Philippines are scarce such that the pull-factor of going abroad remains to be attractive for our population. Through the years, Figure 1. Share of real per capita total HH income according to source, by HH income decile 100% 90% 80% 70% 600% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Source of basic data: 2006 FIES micro-datasets Table from: Amelita King Dejardin, The Philippine labour market in the aftermath of another crisis. ILO Policy Integration Department, March 2010. Table 4. Number of Deployed Overseas Filipino Workers by Type of Hiring: 2008-2009 Type of Worker and Hiring 2008 2009 % Change Grand Total - All Workers 1,236,013 1,422,586 15.1% Land based Workers 974,399 1,092,162 12.1% New Hire 376,973 349,715 -7.2% GPB* Hire 4,102 3,192 -22.2% Private Agency Hire 347,000 326,156 -6.0% Name Hire 25,263 19,660 -22.2% Workers with Special Exit Clearance Employment-based Immigration 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 97h 10th Source: POEA 2009 Overseas Employment Statistics *Government Placement Branch the total deployment of workers has been increasing: from 2008 to 2009 alone, it increased by 15%. Even those who returned home still sought to get employed outside the country as shown by the sustained increase in rehires (24.3%). Most deployed workers take bluecollar jobs abroad, with the largest number employed Others Rental Entrepreneurial Act Family Act Cash domestic Cash abroad Non Agric. Wages Agric. Wages 72 253 251.4% 536 454 -15.3% Rehires 597,426 742,227 24.2% Seabased Workers 261,614 330,424 26.3% Winning the Numbers, Losing the War: The Other MDG Report 2010 35
Page 3 and 4: Winning the Numbers, Losing the War
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many deserve our th
Page 7 and 8: CLEEP Comprehensive Livelihood and
Page 9 and 10: MOA-AD Memorandum of Agreement on A
Page 11 and 12: ABOUT THE AUTHORS/CONTRIBUTORS Leon
Page 13: FOREWORD By ISAGANI R. SERRANO This
Page 17 and 18: An urgent MDG message: Inadequate f
Page 19 and 20: The use of the budget instrument fo
Page 21 and 22: MDG chances: stability and vulnerab
Page 23 and 24: may mean a short honeymoon period.
Page 25 and 26: what we got from Annex I countries
Page 27 and 28: (Php58.6 Billion) of GDP at current
Page 29 and 30: Fourth Assessment Report provide a
Page 31 and 32: Losing the war on poverty The Other
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Philippines’ MDG progres
Page 35 and 36: (NER) and medium on both cohort sur
Page 37 and 38: incidence of 97.46 percent. The las
Page 39 and 40: special needs; (c) 228,928 women in
Page 41 and 42: cultural structures urgently needin
Page 43: capacity to confront the dreaded cl
Page 46 and 47: MDG Goal 1 Targets 1 and 3: On erad
Page 48 and 49: Table 1. Prevalence of undernutriti
Page 52 and 53: in the service and production secto
Page 54 and 55: een generally positive—increased
Page 56 and 57: Table 9: Partial Listing of Big Lan
Page 58 and 59: and promote gender equality in all
Page 60 and 61: While many see this as an education
Page 62 and 63: seen in both public and private pre
Page 64 and 65: and therefore, limited coverage. Th
Page 66 and 67: Table 7. Education Expenditure as a
Page 68 and 69: Box 2. Education budget tracking (2
Page 70 and 71: This paper looks at highly vulnerab
Page 72 and 73: to education. 5 In practice, debt p
Page 74 and 75: Table 5. Distribution of Government
Page 76 and 77: Table 7. Average Daily Basic Pay by
Page 78 and 79: in the 80’s, according to Sibal,
Page 80 and 81: eports of female OFW deaths, sexual
Page 82 and 83: Table 13. Trafficked Migrants Assis
Page 84 and 85: plicating overpopulation and poor w
Page 86 and 87: CAN$318.8 billion. While they found
Page 88 and 89: . Women’s economic empowerment i.
Page 90 and 91: statistics-fs-violence-against-fi l
Page 92 and 93: New policies and programs meant to
Page 94 and 95: Table 2: Immunization Status 1998 2
Page 96 and 97: Table 4. List of Nutritionally Vuln
Page 98 and 99: percent), who gave birth at home (9
Page 100 and 101:
protocol is another comprehensive s
Page 102 and 103:
5. Revamping the health insurance s
Page 104 and 105:
Universalizing health care As we po
Page 106 and 107:
Progress of work in improving mater
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 2. Use of Skilled Birth Atte
Page 110 and 111:
In terms of postnatal care, 77 perc
Page 112 and 113:
Abortion Worldwide abortion rates h
Page 114 and 115:
went down from 9.8 percent in 2005
Page 116 and 117:
longer to health care centers in co
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However, USAID, with the concurrenc
Page 120 and 121:
Box 1. Safe Motherhood: a brief his
Page 123 and 124:
The rising challenge of HIV/AIDS an
Page 125 and 126:
Sexual transmission remains to be t
Page 127 and 128:
national response. Since health was
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 7. Frequency distribution of
Page 131 and 132:
Table 5. Annual estimated cost for
Page 133 and 134:
tion of Public-Private Mix Departme
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Not much time, but not without opti
Page 137 and 138:
Questions and more questions on the
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 1: Biodiversity Hotspots Bio
Page 141 and 142:
MDG’s, but more importantly, on b
Page 143 and 144:
8. Organic Agriculture Act of 2010;
Page 145 and 146:
science Bureau (MGB) but funded by
Page 147 and 148:
Problems and gaps Incoherent and cl
Page 149 and 150:
must be able to provide for non-pro
Page 151 and 152:
Trade, debt and aid: MDG retardants
Page 153 and 154:
Table 1. Recent Trade and Investmen
Page 155 and 156:
elated social spending; Three, ille
Page 157 and 158:
eing proposed in Congress. But more
Page 159:
Results - Developing countries and
Page 162 and 163:
Mindanao situation Mindanao is the
Page 164 and 165:
Table 1.Cohort Survival Rate by Reg
Page 166 and 167:
MTPDP has not gained momentum to ef
Page 168 and 169:
Seven provinces in Mindanao, almost
Page 170 and 171:
a. Lobby for the crafting of laws a
Page 172 and 173:
Moro situation after the Treaty of
Page 174 and 175:
and Palawan movement and Mindanao I
Page 176 and 177:
Appendix B Are the Moros Filipinos?
Page 178 and 179:
Government with respect to the Moro
Page 180 and 181:
legal and political shields behind
Page 182 and 183:
Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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