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Table 4. List of Nutritionally Vulnerable Regions (FIVIMS, 2004) CLUSTER 3 Vulnerable CLUSTER 4 (Very Vulnerable) CLUSTER 5 (Very, Very Vulnerable) Source: NNC 2006 Briefi ng Kit; www.nnc.gov.ph small, low birth weight babies who are likely to end up malnourished as well. Well-nourished and healthy women, on the other hand, who received adequate nutrients before and during pregnancy delivered healthy babies. From 2005 to 2008, the National Nutrition Survey indicated a 1.7 percentage point rise in the proportion of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women (see Table 5). Birth weight is an important indicator of a newborn’s health status. Babies born with low birth weight 6 generally have higher rates of morbidity and mortality. A decrease in the proportion of births with low birth weight contributes to reducing child mortality. As shown above, the intimate link between the mother and her child affects a newborn’s chance for 80 SOCIAL WATCH PHILIPPINES Region 1 � La Union CAR � Abra � Ifugao � Mountain Province CALABARZON � Quezon MIMAROPA � Marinduque � Occidental Mindoro � Palawan � Romblon Region 5 � Albay � Camarines Norte � Camarines Sur � Catanduanes � Sorsogon CAR � Apayao Region 6 � Capiz Region 5 � Masbate Region 6 � Aklan � Antique � Iloilo � Negros Occidental Region 7 � Bohol Region 8 � Leyte � Eastern Samar � Northern Samar � Samar � Southern Leyte Region 9 � Zamboanga del Sur Region 7 � Negros Oriental Region 9 � Zamboanga del Norte Region 10 � Bukidnon ARMM � Sulu � Tawi-Tawi Table 5. Malnutrition in Pregnant and Lactating Women 6 Babies weighing less than 2.5 kilograms at birth are categorized among those with low birth weights. Region 10 � Camiguin � Misamis Occidental � Lanao del Norte Region 11 � Davao del Norte � Davao del Sur Region 12 � Cotabato � Sarangani � South Cotabato � Sultan Kudarat CARAGA � Agusan del Norte � Agusan del Sur � Surigao del Norte � Surigao del Sur ARMM � Lanao del Sur � Maguindanao � Basilan 2003 2005 2008 Underweight Pregnant Women 27% Underweight Lactating Women 11% 14% 13% Source: 2003, 2005, and 2008 National Nutrition Survey survival and health. Though there are several seemingly indirect factors that affect newborns, the most important of these are maternal conditions that pose risks to the infant: the mother’s age at fi rst pregnancy (greater risk before 20 years or after 35 years of age)
Figure 4. Infant and Under-fi ve Mortality according to Mother’s Age (see Figure 4), child spacing (less than 3 years since last birth), the mother’s poor nutritional status and history of illness. Government policy, programs, and services In the past 10 years, the Department of Health (DOH) implemented various health interventions to combat infant and under-fi ve mortality. These include improving infant and young child feeding practices (e.g., breastfeeding and complementary feeding from six months onwards, providing immunization and food supplements, and ensuring neonatal and maternal care. Infant and young child feeding practices The National Policy and Plan of Action on Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) (2005-2010) was a breakthrough in child health initiatives with breastfeeding as the core campaign. The plan centers on ensuring and strengthening the implementation of existing policies on breastfeeding, revitalizing nationwide advocacy and campaigns, and introducing breastfeeding complementary feeding practices. The IYCF also pushes for measures that would enable working mothers to continue breastfeeding. In line with this, and facilitated with DOH’s help, a coalition was established to monitor the implementation of the Milk Code as well as the other breastfeeding policies. It counteracts the persistent moves of milk companies to push their products, which could potentially derail breastfeeding campaigns. Breastfeeding A number of breastfeeding policies and programs are in place: (a) the Mother Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, mandating all hospitals to fully protect, promote and support breastfeeding and rooming-in practices; b) the Milk Code (Executive Order No. 51), promoting and protecting breastfeeding by prohibiting the marketing and provision of breast milk supplements and substitutes in health facilities, as well as ensuring the proper use these substitutes through adequate information; and c) the Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act (Republic Act 7600), ensuring a conducive breastfeeding environment upon birth. This enabling policy environment has led to the establishment of breastfeeding-friendly settings: workplace, health facilities, public places (i.e. shopping malls) and within communities. Despite the proliferation of policies on breastfeeding, breastfeeding prevalence has not signifi cantly gained ground. Worse, exclusive breastfeeding decreased from 37% in 1998 to 34% in 2003, then remained at 34 percent up to the present (see Table 6). Exclusive breastfeeding still falls signifi cantly below the government target of 80 percent. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants up to six months maximizes the benefi ts of immunity and nutrition. Improving breastfeeding and complementary feeding of Filipino infants and young children could prevent 16,000 deaths, primarily from diarrhea, pneumonia, neonatal sepsis and hypothermia. Table 6. Breastfeeding Prevalence 1998 2003 2008 Breastfed 88% 87% 88% Exclusive Breastfeeding of children aged 4-5 months 37% 34% 34% Source: 1998, 2003, and 2008 National Demographic Health Survey In 2003, only 16 percent of newborns were exclusively breastfed for four to fi ve months of age, while 13 percent were never breastfed at all. Data for 2008 shows a slight decrease in non-breastfed children which was down to 12 percent. Supplementation of breastfeeding with other liquids and foods occurs too early. Among infants less than six months old, almost a third (30 percent) were found to have been given water, other liquids and food in addition to breast milk. Offi cial 2003 data also shows that 4 out of every 10 infants were fed formula milk. Because breastmilk is more readily accessible and requires no fi nancial costs, it is more prevalent amongst women who live in rural areas (92 percent), with no education (92 percent), of the poorest quintile (94 Winning the Numbers, Losing the War: The Other MDG <strong>Report</strong> 2010 81
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Winning the Numbers, Losing the War
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many deserve our th
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CLEEP Comprehensive Livelihood and
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MOA-AD Memorandum of Agreement on A
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS/CONTRIBUTORS Leon
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FOREWORD By ISAGANI R. SERRANO This
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An urgent MDG message: Inadequate f
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The use of the budget instrument fo
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MDG chances: stability and vulnerab
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may mean a short honeymoon period.
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what we got from Annex I countries
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(Php58.6 Billion) of GDP at current
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Fourth Assessment Report provide a
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Losing the war on poverty The Other
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Table 1. Philippines’ MDG progres
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(NER) and medium on both cohort sur
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incidence of 97.46 percent. The las
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special needs; (c) 228,928 women in
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cultural structures urgently needin
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capacity to confront the dreaded cl
Page 46 and 47: MDG Goal 1 Targets 1 and 3: On erad
Page 48 and 49: Table 1. Prevalence of undernutriti
Page 50 and 51: 2007, women’s national unemployme
Page 52 and 53: in the service and production secto
Page 54 and 55: een generally positive—increased
Page 56 and 57: Table 9: Partial Listing of Big Lan
Page 58 and 59: and promote gender equality in all
Page 60 and 61: While many see this as an education
Page 62 and 63: seen in both public and private pre
Page 64 and 65: and therefore, limited coverage. Th
Page 66 and 67: Table 7. Education Expenditure as a
Page 68 and 69: Box 2. Education budget tracking (2
Page 70 and 71: This paper looks at highly vulnerab
Page 72 and 73: to education. 5 In practice, debt p
Page 74 and 75: Table 5. Distribution of Government
Page 76 and 77: Table 7. Average Daily Basic Pay by
Page 78 and 79: in the 80’s, according to Sibal,
Page 80 and 81: eports of female OFW deaths, sexual
Page 82 and 83: Table 13. Trafficked Migrants Assis
Page 84 and 85: plicating overpopulation and poor w
Page 86 and 87: CAN$318.8 billion. While they found
Page 88 and 89: . Women’s economic empowerment i.
Page 90 and 91: statistics-fs-violence-against-fi l
Page 92 and 93: New policies and programs meant to
Page 94 and 95: Table 2: Immunization Status 1998 2
Page 98 and 99: percent), who gave birth at home (9
Page 100 and 101: protocol is another comprehensive s
Page 102 and 103: 5. Revamping the health insurance s
Page 104 and 105: Universalizing health care As we po
Page 106 and 107: Progress of work in improving mater
Page 108 and 109: Figure 2. Use of Skilled Birth Atte
Page 110 and 111: In terms of postnatal care, 77 perc
Page 112 and 113: Abortion Worldwide abortion rates h
Page 114 and 115: went down from 9.8 percent in 2005
Page 116 and 117: longer to health care centers in co
Page 118 and 119: However, USAID, with the concurrenc
Page 120 and 121: Box 1. Safe Motherhood: a brief his
Page 123 and 124: The rising challenge of HIV/AIDS an
Page 125 and 126: Sexual transmission remains to be t
Page 127 and 128: national response. Since health was
Page 129 and 130: Figure 7. Frequency distribution of
Page 131 and 132: Table 5. Annual estimated cost for
Page 133 and 134: tion of Public-Private Mix Departme
Page 135 and 136: Not much time, but not without opti
Page 137 and 138: Questions and more questions on the
Page 139 and 140: Figure 1: Biodiversity Hotspots Bio
Page 141 and 142: MDG’s, but more importantly, on b
Page 143 and 144: 8. Organic Agriculture Act of 2010;
Page 145 and 146: science Bureau (MGB) but funded by
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Problems and gaps Incoherent and cl
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must be able to provide for non-pro
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Trade, debt and aid: MDG retardants
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Table 1. Recent Trade and Investmen
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elated social spending; Three, ille
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eing proposed in Congress. But more
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Results - Developing countries and
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Mindanao situation Mindanao is the
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Table 1.Cohort Survival Rate by Reg
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MTPDP has not gained momentum to ef
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Seven provinces in Mindanao, almost
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a. Lobby for the crafting of laws a
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Moro situation after the Treaty of
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and Palawan movement and Mindanao I
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Appendix B Are the Moros Filipinos?
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Government with respect to the Moro
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legal and political shields behind
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Goals and Targets (from the Millenn
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