iological, 74, 114, 150 Feynman, R., 2 function 23–26, 29, 31–32, 42, 65, 77, 93–94, 99–100 majority, 78 of protein, 7–8, 14 uncomputable, 29 GAMMA, see model, GAMMA gate 4, 23–25, 43, 77–87, 89–90, 92, 98–100 biological, 110, 145, 149 as metaphor, 149 gel, 131 artifact, 130 gel-based computing, 140–141 electrophoresis, 13, 58, 80, 85–86, 114, 118, 143 extraction, 126 purification, 125–126, 131 visualization, 13–14, 86 gene, 5, 7, 10, 16–17, 151 assembly, 150–154 unscrambling, 150 structural, 10 structure, 148, 151 genetic algorithm, 60 genome, 4, 21, 147, 150 glucose, 8, 148–149 graph, 34–37, 39, 44, 46–48, 52, 54–55, 89, 112, 114, 116, 134, 141, 143 acyclic, 77, 81–82, 95 branch-free, 96 complementary, 143 complete, 55 control, 95–97 directed, 88–89 planar, 44 theory, 51 guanine, 6 hairpin, 120, 134, 144–145, 154 Halting Problem, 29 Hamiltonian Path Problem, 3, 36, 47, 52–54, 69, 72, 112–116 Hartmanis, J., 71–72, 115 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 1 hemoglobin, 8 heuristic, 72 Index 169 hexokinase, 8 hybridization, 116, 118–119, 121, 124, 126, 136, 145 hydrogen bond, 6, 10–11, 131 indirect addressing, 31, 98 inducer, 148 infection cycle, 19 information, 2, 23, 33, 44 biological, 147 genetic, 5–8, 10 processing, 2, 110 storage, 2 instruction, 1–2, 30, 40–41, 92–97, 100 set, 30–31, 33, 91–92, 102–103 integrated circuit, 1 internal eliminated sequence (IES), 151–154 inversion, 150, 154 Jacob, F., 10, 148 keratin, 8 killer application, 71–73, 106–107 Klenow, 127, 131 Knight Problem, see chess game lactose, 148–149 lane, 13–14, 114, 131–132 library, 56–57, 59, 75–76, 120, 124, 130, 134–137, 141, 143 lig<strong>and</strong>, 110 ligase, see enzyme, ligase ligation, 7, 11, 18, 79–80, 86, 112, 134 list, 26, 33 ranking, 102–106 literal, 48–49, 81, 144 lock-key, 8, 86, 110 logic, see Boolean, algebra macronuclear destined sequence (MDS), 151–154 macronucleus, 150–153 magnetic bead separation, 12 majority function, see function, majority marker lane, 13–14 mathematics, 4 maximal clique, 141–142 maximum clique, 39, 55
170 Index maximum independent set, 55 melting temperature 120, 134 membrane, 66 cell, 18–19 elementary, 66 memory, 1–3, 26–27, 30–31, 33, 40, 91–92, 94–100, 102–103, 105–106 <strong>DNA</strong>-based, 145 str<strong>and</strong>, 55–59 Mendel, G., 5 metabolism, 7 Microgenie, 120 micronucleus, 150–152 migration rate, 13 miniaturization, 1 minimal set cover, 57 model, 3, 24, 36, 45 Boolean circuit, 77–88, 91 CHAM, 64–65 computational, 4, 33, 73 constructive, 61 double helix, 5 filtering, 46, 110 GAMMA, 65 of gene construction, 153–155 of genetic regulation, 148 implementation issues, 45–46 mark <strong>and</strong> destroy, 3 membrane, 63, 66 P-RAM, 72, 90–106 P system, 66–69 parallel associative memory (PAM), 60–61 parallel filtering, 50–55, 74–75, 116–119, 137–138, 145 RAM, 30–33, 63 satisfiability, 48–49 splicing, 60 sticker, 55–60, 88, 140 strong, 71, 76, 88, 91, 107 tile assembly, 61–63 unrestricted, 47–48 von Neumann, 3 Monod, J., 10, 148 mRNA, see RNA, messenger multi-set, 46–47, 60, 63, 67, 110–111, 115 NAND, 77, 82–83, 86–87, 89–90, 92, 100, 102 NC (complexity class), 72, 91, 94, 100, 102, 107 NOT, 23–25, 42 NP (complexity class), 43–44, 47–48, 50–51, 55, 60, 69, 72, 74, 115, 135, 141 nanotechnology, 2 network, 33–34, 43 biological, 147 Boolean, see circuit, Boolean combinatorial, 82, 91–92 depth, 83, 91 division, 99 gel, 13 genetic, 150 as metaphor, 147 oscillator, 150 process, 64 size, 83, 91 sorting, 44, 87–88 telecommunication, 36–37 neuron, 110, 147 noughts <strong>and</strong> crosses, see tic-tac-toe nucleotide, 6, 11, 14, 137 OR, 23–24, 42, 87 oligo (oligonucleotide), 6, 11–12, 14, 86, 110–114, 120–122, 124, 128, 130, 138–140, 145 operation set, 45, 49–50, 74 operon, 148–149 optical computing, 2 optimisation, 34 orientation, 6 oscillator, 150 Oxytricha nova, 150–152 P (complexity class), 43 Psystem,see model, P system parallel r<strong>and</strong>om access machine (P-RAM), see model, P-RAM parallel associative matching (PAM), see model, parallel associative matching parallelism, 72 permutation, 46, 50–51, 53–54, 74–76, 150
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Natural Computing Series Series Edi
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Martyn Amos Department of Computer
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Preface DNA computation has emerged
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Preface IX acknowledged. Finally, I
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XII Contents 4 Complexity Issues ..
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Introduction “Where a calculator
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Introduction 3 Even though their un
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1 DNA: The Molecule of Life “All
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1.3 DNA as the Carrier of Genetic I
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1.3 DNA as the Carrier of Genetic I
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Synthesis 1.4 Operations on DNA 11
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Gel electrophoresis 1.4 Operations
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5’ 3’ A T A G A G T T 3’ TCA
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1.4 Operations on DNA 17 Others may
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Vector Strand to be inserted (targe
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1.5 Summary 1.6 Bibliographical Not
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90 4 Complexity Issues Input matrix
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106 4 Complexity Issues ACC[] := bi
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5 Physical Implementations “No am
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Vertex 1 Vertex 2 Vertex 3 ¡ ¡ ¡
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5.6 Implementation of the Parallel
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