Separate on 1 Separate on 2 Separate on 3 Separate on 4 (3,4), (2,3), (2,3,4), (1,3), (1,3,4), (1,2,3) (1,2,3,4) (3,4), (2,3), (2,3,4) (3,4) (1,3) (1,3,4), (1,2,3) (1,2,3,4) (1,3,4) (1,3) (2,3,4) (3,4) (2,3) (1,2,3) (1,2,3,4) (1,3) (1,3,4) (2,3) (2,3,4) (1,3) 3.2 Filtering Models 59 N0 N1 N2 N3 N4 (3,4) (2,3) Fig. 3.4. Sorting procedure (1,2,3) (1,2,3,4) (1,3,4) (1,2,3) (2,3,4) (1,2,3,4) <strong>and</strong> so on until we find a tube that contains a covering. In this case, tube N2 contains three coverings, each using two bags. The algorithm is formally expressed within the sticker model as follows. (1) Initialize (p,q) library in tube N0 (2) for i =1toq do begin (3) N0 ← separatei(+(N0,i), −(N0,i)) (4) for j =1to| Ci | (5) set(+(N0,i),q+ c j i ) (6) end for (7) N0 ← merge(+(N0,i), −(N0,i)) (8) end for This section sets the object identifying substr<strong>and</strong>s. Note that c j i denotes the jth element of set Ci. We now separate out for further use only those memory complexes where each of the last p substr<strong>and</strong>s is set to on. (1) for i = q +1toq + p do begin (2) N0 ← +(N0,i) (3) end for
60 3 Models of Molecular <strong>Computation</strong> We now sort the remaining str<strong>and</strong>s according to how many bags they encode. (1) for i =0toq − 1 do begin (2) for j − 1 down to 0 do begin (3) separate(+(Nj,i+1), −(Nj,i+1)) (4) Nj+1 ← merge(+(Nj,i+1),Nj+1) (5) Nj ←−(Nj,i+1) (6) end for (7) end for Line 3 separates each tube according to the value of i, <strong>and</strong> line 4 performs the right shift of selected str<strong>and</strong>s. We then search for a final output: (1) Read N1 (2) else if empty then read N2 (3) else if empty then read N3 (4) ... 3.3 Splicing Models Since any instance of any problem in the complexity class NP may be expressed in terms of an instance of any NP-complete problem, it follows that the multi-set operations described earlier at least implicitly provide sufficient computational power to solve any problem in NP. We do not believe they provide the full algorithmic computational power of a Turing Machine. Without the availability of string editing operations, it is difficult to see how the transition from one state of the Turing Machine to another may be achieved using <strong>DNA</strong>. However, as several authors have recently described, one further operation, the so-called splicing operation, will provide full Turing computability. Here we provide an overview of the various splicing models proposed. Let S <strong>and</strong> T be two strings over the alphabet α. Then the splice operation consists of cutting S <strong>and</strong> T at specific positions <strong>and</strong> concatenating the resulting prefix of S with the suffix of T <strong>and</strong> concatenating the prefix of T with the suffix of S (Fig. 3.5). This operation is similar to the crossover operation employed by genetic algorithms [68, 96]. Splicing systems date back to 1987, with the publication of Tom Head’s seminal paper [77] (see also [78]). In [50], the authors show that the generative power of finite extended splicing systems is equal to that of Turing Machines. For an excellent review of splicing systems, the reader is directed to [120]. Reif’s PAM model In [128], Reif within his so-called Parallel Associative Memory Model describes a Parallel Associative Matching (PA-Match) operation. The essential con-
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Martyn Amos Department of Computer
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Preface DNA computation has emerged
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Preface IX acknowledged. Finally, I
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XII Contents 4 Complexity Issues ..
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Introduction “Where a calculator
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Introduction 3 Even though their un
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1 DNA: The Molecule of Life “All
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5 Physical Implementations “No am
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5.3 Initial Set Construction Within
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Vertex 1 Vertex 2 Vertex 3 ¡ ¡ ¡
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5.6 Implementation of the Parallel
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5.8 Experimental Investigations 119
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5.8 Experimental Investigations 121
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Create initial strand library Confi
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Experiment 25. New full-length chai
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148 6 Cellular Computing of truly i
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150 6 Cellular Computing 6.2 Succes
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156 6 Cellular Computing 6.7 Biblio
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158 References 14. Martyn Amos, Ste
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160 References 53. Dónall A. Mac D
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162 References 92. D. Knuth. The Ar
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164 References 135. Kensaku Sakamot
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Index ALGOL, 102 AND, 23-24, 42, 87
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iological, 74, 114, 150 Feynman, R.
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Petrinet,63 phage, 18-20 phosphate,
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Natural Computing Series W.M. Spear