Petrinet,63 phage, 18–20 phosphate, 6 monophosphate, 148 triphosphate, 14 polarity, 80 polyacrylamide, 13, 80, 140 polymer, 6 polymerase, 2–3, 10, 14–16, 117, 124, 155 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 14–16, 86, 114, 116, 118, 122, 124–131, 133–135, 137, 140–141 whiplash, 145 prime number, 40, 65 primer, 14–16, 76, 114, 117, 119, 122, 124–128, 131–132, 134–135 processor, 1–2, 52, 72–73, 91–95, 97, 100, 102–106 program, 26–32, 39–40, 64–65, 91–92, 94–97, 100, 102 program counter (PC), 30 promoter, 10, 148–149 protein, 2, 4–5, 7–10, 18, 20–21, 62, 145, 148, 150, 155 pseudo-code, 31–32, 40, 49 quantum computing, 2 quantum effect, 1 quicksort, 41 r<strong>and</strong>om access machine (RAM), see model, RAM r<strong>and</strong>om search, 2, 143 reaction, 7–8, 50, 65, 76, 109–110, 127, 143 condition, 65 cross, 129–130 detection, 130 dynamics, horizontal chain, 144 kinetics, rule, 66 sequencing, 129 recombinant <strong>DNA</strong>, see <strong>DNA</strong>, recombinant repression, 148–149 repressor, 148 Index 171 resource, 3, 33, 39–40, 44, 71–73, 90, 106–107 restriction enzyme, see enzyme, restriction restriction site, 16–17, 79, 84–86, 110, 117, 119–120, 143 ribonuclease, 136, 138 RNA, 7, 10, 109, 136–138, 150 messenger, 10 robot, 106 RsaI, see enzyme, RsaI running time, 33, 40–41, 72–73, 94, 100 salt, 133 satisfiability (SAT), 41, 48–50, 136, 138–140, 144 Sau3A, see enzyme, Sau3A scalability, 115–116, 140, 143–145 scheduling, 43 self-assembly, 8, 61–63, 144–145 separation, 11–12, 50, 75, 118–119, 140 sequence design, 11, 14, 79–80, 84–85, 110, 120, 128, 134–135, 141 shock, 18 specificity, 10, 126–127, 134 state, 1, 25–28, 41, 60–62, 92, 94, 109–110, 150 stable, 65 sticker, see model, sticker sticky end, 17–18, 63, 144 str<strong>and</strong> memory, see memory, str<strong>and</strong> rule, 63 string, 26–29, 46–48, 50–54, 60–61, 67, 73–76, 78–79, 83–84, 137, 142–144, 153 subgraph, 37, 39, 54–55, 141–142 subgraph isomorphism, 54–55 substrate, 8, 45, 110 computational, 1, 21, 73, 136, 143 sugar, 6, 148 supercomputer, 41 surface, 8, 19, 116, 139–140 attachment, 116, 139–140 switch, 4, 150 synthesis, 149 <strong>DNA</strong>, 11, 122 protein, 10, 149
172 Index Taq, see enzyme, Taq target sequence, 14–16, 18, 134 template, 10, 14–16, 124, 126–131, 133, 137, 144 terminator, 10, 148 thermal cycler, 15 Thermus aquaticus, 15 thymine, 6, 10, 131 tic-tac-toe, 145 tile, 61–63, 122, 124, 128–129, 144–145 time, 3, 36, 40–42, 45–46, 61, 64, 67–68, 73, 75–76, 91, 110 constant, 50, 75–76 exponential, 42, 72 linear, 52, 76 memory access, 1 parallel, 50–55, 74–75, 91, 93–94, 100 polylogarithmic, 71–72 polynomial, 43, 55, 71–72, 115 quadratic, 42–43, 77 running, see running time unit, 52 transcription, 8, 10, 17, 109, 137, 148–149 transformation, 18, 95–96 transistor, 3 transition, 26–28, 60, 67–68, 109 transitive closure, 88–89 translation, 8, 10, 17, 109 of algorithm, 71, 88, 91–92, 94–95, 97, 100, 102–104 tree, 33, 39, 66, 76 triple-crossover, 144 truth table, 25, 42 Turing machine, 27–29, 31, 44, 60–61, 63, 73, 77, 82, 109 universality, 29, 50, 63, 68, 91 uracil, 10 VLSI, 82 variable, 24–25, 32–33, 40–42, 48–49, 55, 77, 82–83, 93, 97, 136–141, 144 vector, 17–19, 125 vehicle, 18 virus, 17–18 volume, 3, 20, 45, 71–72, 88, 91, 94, 100, 107, 115, 118, 127 von Neumann, J., 1, 3, 148 whiplash PCR, see polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whiplash “word processing”, 109 XOR, 144–145 yeast, 7
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Natural Computing Series Series Edi
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Martyn Amos Department of Computer
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Preface DNA computation has emerged
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Preface IX acknowledged. Finally, I
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XII Contents 4 Complexity Issues ..
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Introduction “Where a calculator
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Introduction 3 Even though their un
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1 DNA: The Molecule of Life “All
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1.3 DNA as the Carrier of Genetic I
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1.3 DNA as the Carrier of Genetic I
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Synthesis 1.4 Operations on DNA 11
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Gel electrophoresis 1.4 Operations
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5’ 3’ A T A G A G T T 3’ TCA
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1.4 Operations on DNA 17 Others may
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Vector Strand to be inserted (targe
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80 4 Complexity Issues 0 1 0 1 x1 x
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90 4 Complexity Issues Input matrix
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Vertex 1 Vertex 2 Vertex 3 ¡ ¡ ¡
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