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18 Biofabrication { Jürgen Groll, Thomas Boland, Torsten Blunk, Jason A Burdick, Dong-Woo Cho, Paul D Dalton, Brian Derby, Gabor Forgacs7, Qing Li, Vladimir A Mironov }
Biofabrication 19 { Introduction } Biofabrication is a rapidly growing field of research that continues to develop and is outgrowing its infancy. This is partially due to the expiration of patents covering fused deposition modeling , which has rapidly made Additive Manufacturing equipment, commonly known as three-dimensional (3D)-printing, more affordable and widely available. In concert with this lowered cost of equipment has been the transformation of rapid prototyping into rapid manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing methods have also made rapid advances and are now used for the production of high value parts with complex geometries, such as fuel nozzles in gas turbines, and also for low number serial production in medical engineering, as exemplified by the recently FDA approved titanium hip implant components. A similar evolution and expansion of applications has occurred in Biofabrication especially for the fields of Tissue Engineering (TE) and Regenerative Medicine (RM). The journal Biofabrication was founded in 2009 at the beginning of this transition, and these developments have led to the journal recently further clarifying its scope . This article aims to survey the history of the term Biofabrication and its different definitions and uses as recorded in the literature to date. More importantly, we believe there is a need to clarify the position of Biofabrication as a research field with a special focus on its relation to and application for TE and RM. Within this context, we propose a refined working definition of Biofabrication, including Bioprinting and Bioassembly as complementary strategies within Biofabrication. { Biofabrication across scientific disciplines } To our knowledge, the term Biofabrication was first coined in 1994 in relation to the biomineralisation of pearls and later, in 2003, also the deposition of enamel in mammalian teeth. In addition, the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency used the definition ‚Biofabrication—the use of biological materials and mechanisms for construction‘ to describe methods used to create high-resolution 3D structures that mimic biological growth mechanisms. In 2004, Biofabrication was used by Payne and co-workers to describe the generation of nanostructured assemblies containing biological materials and/ or biocatalysts. In their words, they used a rather broad definition: ‚the marriage between biology and microfabrication. Today, the term Biofabrication is broadly used in the context of fabricating organic/inorganic hybrid materials or, more generally, fabrication of materials by living organisms. Within the TE and RM community, the term Biofabrication emerged with the application of 3D manufacturing strategies incorporating the manipulation and positioning of living cells and/or cell aggregates. This will be discussed in more detail in the subsequent section. Clearly, the term Biofabrication is currently used by many scientific communities and dis-
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