96 Advanced Materials From Mycelium { Muhammad Haneef, Luca Ceseracciu, Claudio Canale, Ilker S. Bayer, José A. Heredia-Guerrero & Athanassia Athanassiou }
Weiterführende Techniken 97 { Introduction } Materials chemistry and nanotechnology have demonstrated great capabilities in developing novel materials with any desired property since their synergistic action can engineer matter at the level of atoms or molecules. Nevertheless, the ability of reproduction of the biological organisms remains unique in nature and is impossible to be duplicated by materials engineering. Introducing living biological systems in materials science and nanotechnology in order to accomplish materials from biological resources, developed in controlled ways is a strategy that is attracting significant research efforts. This is in accordance with the need, which is becoming more and more crucial nowadays, for the development of new green and sustainable materials that will not be a source of pollution to our planet. Indeed, global environmental degradation issues of synthetic plastics in combination with the fossil depletion problems are the main reasons that push the materials-related research towards polymeric materials obtained from renewable resources. Intense research efforts are focusing on the development of polymeric materials from natural sources, such as cellulose, lignin, pectin from plants, proteins from plants and animals, polyesters from bacteria or plants etc., all materials that are sustainable, biocompatible and biodegradable with a wide variety of properties. The development of such materials needs usually difficult and complicated methods of processing of their biosources, for their extraction, development and functionalization, that can be costly, time-consuming and with low production yield. For this reason these materials, although they could resolve various environmental problems, are still expensive and have very limited uses. A strategy to overcome these problems could be the development of composite biomaterials with properties controlled and tunable during their growth, which would be ready to use without the need of expensive and sophisticated processing methods. To materialize this strategy we have chosen mycelium, the vegetative lower part of fungi. Mycelium has been identified as the largest living organism on earth (a mycelium network occupies nearly 10 km2 in Oregon‘s Blue Mountains)31,32. It grows due to its symbiotic relationship with the materials that feed it, forming entangl^ed networks of branching fibers33, Fig. 1A. The filaments of the fibrous mycelium are called hyphae and consist of elongated cells. These cells are separated from each other by internal porous cross walls, named septa. and are all enclosed within a tubular cell wall. The cell wall plays several physiological roles in fungi morphogenesis, protecting the hyphae, and providing the mechanical strength to the whole mycelium. It is composed of chitin, glucans and an outer layer of proteins such as mannoproteins and hydrophobins. The growth of hyphae is done through extension of the cell membrane and cell wall at the hyphal tip. Mycelium is mainly composed of natural polymers as chitin, cellulose, proteins, etc, so it is a natural polymeric composite fibrous material. Due to its unique structure and composition we foresee the production of large amounts of mycelium-based materials. So far mycelia have been exploited principally by a US company, that uses unprocessed
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