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copy focus 143.qxp_Layout 1 20/04/2018 12:56 Page 26 26 Pets Burnham & Dengie Focus FOCUS ON PET HEALTH CAN YOU RECOGNISE ACUTE PAIN IN CATS Recent advances in pain assessment in companion animals represent a tenacious, painstaking ad time consuming dedication to improving animal welfare. Recently gained knowledge about pain assessment in animals, particularly in cats, has increased the use of pain-relief in hospitalised patients. It is necessary, from an ethical and humane point-of-view, to prevent and relieve suffering and pain in all animals, but because this article is about cats, I will refer primarily to cats. The understanding of the pain mechanism has progressed at a far faster rate than the ability to assess pain in animals because of the lack of assessment markers. The term ‘pain’ is a combination of the actual physical (sensory) injury and the emotional or affective state, which makes pain very subjective. This means that if two cats are faced with the same surgery, for example, neutering, the physical ‘injury’ is the same and one would expect the same response (in terms of pain) in both cats, but because there is an emotional component to the experience of pain, cats do not react in the same way. This is the same for humans. how do we recognise and grade acute pain in cats? There are two validated composite scoring systems; composite scales aim to assess the affective component and pain intensity. The more time-consuming is the UNESP-Botucata Multidimensional Pain scale consists of 10 behavioural categories and includes appetite and blood pressure measurement. This is freely available at http://www.animalpain.com.br/assets/upload/escala-en-us.pdf The Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale for acute pain in cats is composed of seven questions, with a possible score of 20, with a guide of pain relief intervention for scores equal to or above 5. The scale is available to download from http://www.aprvt.com/uploads/5/3/0/5/5305564/cmp_feline_eng. pdf Pain assessment in the presence of the caregiver may affect the response and can contribute to a placebo effect. Pain scales offer a very helpful tool in the assessment of pain, but should not be used in isolation. They are best used as an adjunct to a comprehensive clinical assessment. Jürgen Theinert BVSc BSc MRCVS Edgewood Veterinary Group Pain assessment is a routine part of a clinical examination, following temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate; pain assessment can be considered the fourth vital sign. It must be appreciated that there is no single behaviour in isolation that is definitive of pain in cats and that both objective and subjective assessments must be made to determine the level of pain being experienced by the individual cat. One must also appreciate that the absence of certain behaviours does not mean the cat is not experiencing pain. Because of the emotional component of pain, it is very helpful to know the normal behaviour of the cat prior to surgery. Pain behaviours can be very subtle and can take a long time to recognise and can be associated with fear, apprehension or anxiety and with cognitive dysfunction. All-inall, cats are a little difficult when assessing the level of pain being felt! The common behavioural signs of pain in cats include: • Depression, immobility or reluctance to move • Hunched posture with low head position • Eyes semi-closed: ‘squinting’ • Vocalisation • Changed facial expression • Restlessness • Lower tolerance of handling or interaction with the caregiver, manifested in aggression or a flight/fight response • Increased reaction to wound palpation or manipulation of painful area • Changes in locomotion: may include limping, reluctance to jump/climb • Change in appetite • Change in grooming habits • Tail flicking and swishing • Change in pulse and respiration rates • Change in urination/defaecation habits Vocalisation is a non-specific behaviour and cats do not always vocalise when in pain, but they may hiss, growl or spit. Some cats become very quiet when they are in pain; this must not be construed as a sign of comfort! Inappropriate loud vocalisation may occur in ageing cats with cognitive dysfunction syndrome. So WE PRINT ALMOST ANYTHING BUT NOT QUITE EVERYTHING
copy focus 143.qxp_Layout 1 20/04/2018 12:56 Page 27 0Burnham & Dengie Focus Burnham & Dengie Focus 27 Secure Car Buyer Will Consider Buying Any Type of Vehicle... www.SecureCarBuyer.com So now Spring is here it is a good time to sell your unwanted car ! to us. ! ! ! Perhaps you have !!!!!!!!!!!!! a car cluttering your driveway ! or pavement ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! outside that you have been meaning to sell, or perhaps you can BURNHAM LIBRARY NEWS ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! no longer drive or simply you wish to upgrade your vehicle and haven’t been offered enough as a part exchange? There are ! ! ! ! 8 ! ! ! ! ! ! many reasons why you may turn to a car buying website as an ! ! ! Elmer Day alternative to selling privately. Sometimes people go straight to Come along to Elmer Day on Tuesday ! 29 May the between ! well ! known ! ! car buying ! ! companies, ! ! and ! this can !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! be your first ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11am & 12 noon for fun Elmer ! mistake. While they may give you a fantastic quote online, when activities and 8 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8 they ! ! see ! the ! vehicle ! ! there ! are many ! unfair ! charges !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! which reduce stories. ! ! the initial online quotation. Here at Secure Car Buyer we will ! always price your vehicle once we have spoken to you and ! Baby and Toddler Rhyme time ! gained a full insight and history of your car. Come and join us sharing stories and rhymes ! every ! Friday ! from ! ! 11am (term ! We decided to take a look at one well known website and found time only). ! ! ! ! ! Feeling Crafty? ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! three important reasons why here at www.securecarbuyer.com we are very, very different. Pop along to our informal ! Craft group at the Library. Our sessions offer space and inspiration to ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! create, ! ! or just ! to try ! something ! ! Firstly, we can buy any non-runner or non-roadworthy vehicle ! new. Come along on ! the 2nd & 4th Thursday of the month or pop in for ! as we can come directly to you. Other well-known websites ! would recommend you get the vehicle transported to them at more ! information. ! your own cost, which again all depreciates the value you receive ! ! ! ! ! for your vehicle. Recycling ! sacks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! We hold a !!G0,! supply of ! pink ! and ! green ! recycling ! !! sacks. ! ! ! ! ! Secondly, perhaps you haven’t owned the vehicle long, or have ; ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!G0,! ! lost the log book or service history or are selling on behalf of Summer * ! Reading ! ! ! Challenge ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! We are looking for volunteers to help with our ; ! ! ! ! ! someone, there are many many reasons why these things ! ! Summer Reading Challenge. For more information ! happen. ! ! If ! it has less ! than ! 6 months ! ! MOT ! or it is a CAT C or D ! * ! ! ! ! ! ! insurance write off, other websites will not purchase your car if and to apply ! please ! visit libraries.essex.gov.uk !!G0,! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! any of the aforementioned issues apply, we will consider all of ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ; our ! ! customer’s ! ! ! needs and ! help ! you out ! as ! much !! as possible to Burnham ! Library Normal Opening Times! do everything we can to help buy your vehicle. Tuesday 10am – 4pm * ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! Thursday 10 ! am – ! 4pm ! ! ! Friday 10am ! ! – 4pm ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! Thirdly, if we agree to buy your car, we will pay you into the Saturday ! ! 10am ! – 4pm ! ! ! ! bank the very same day and before we leave, this will not cost ! ! you extra. Other car buying companies can charge up to £30 to TEL: 0345 603 ! 7628 ! for more ! information. ! ! ! ! ! ! pay you by the end of the day, or even £25 the next working ! ! ! ! ! day! ! ! We also ! have ! no ! transaction ! ! fees (what ! are ! they anyway?), ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! other companies charge between £50-£75 at point of sale, we ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! feel these are all made up and unnecessary costs to simply water ! ! ! ! down ! the agreed ! price you ! want and expect for your vehicle. ! ! ! ! ! ! Other ! websites ! ! quotations ! ! are ! “subject ! ! to inspection” ! which ! ! ! ! ! ! ! could mean a whole category of reductions for car park dings, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! scratches, windscreen chips or perhaps a missing service stamp. ! As we agree a price directly with you when we meet you can ! ! ! ! ! rest assured it will not reduce once agreed. With all the above in ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! mind we will be pleased to hear from you. Please visit our website ! or ! ! give ! us a call today to make the step in the right ! ! ! ! direction to sell your unwanted vehicle today. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! www.securecarbuyer.com ! ! ! ! ! Tel: ! 01245 ! 475100 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! www.facebook.com/maypolepress www.maypolepress.com www.facebook.com/burnhamfocus Blackwater Probus Club Meetings are now at The Plantation Hall Heybridge on the third Tuesday each month at 10.30am. For further information contact Linda Rooney 01621 810126 email lindarooney1509@gmail.com. !!!!!
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