Final Chemistry Notebook

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Structure effects: determines what kind of substance will be able to dissolve the sample. hydrophobic - water-fearing pressure affect more gasses than it does to liquids. hydrophilic - water-loving While pressure has little effect on the solubilities of solids or liquids, it does significantly increase the solubility of a gas. Pressure effects: gas solubility increases with increased pressure. Henry's Law: the amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution. P = kC P represents the partial pressure of the gas, C represents the concentration of the dissolved gas, k is a constant of the particular solution. Solubility and Pressure are Directly Related Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as to ensure that all parts of the solution are identical. Temperature effects - the solubility of most solids increases with temperature. Inverse relatiion ship. One goes up the other ggoes down, The Vapor Pressures of Solutions Volatile - quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure. At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure. Nonvolatile - does not readily form a vapor. Nonvolatile solutes lowers the vapor pressure of a solvent. The nonvolatile solute decreases the number of solvent molecules per unit volume. Thus it lowers the number of solvent molecules at the surface, and it should proportionately lower the escaping tendency of the solvent molecules. Boiling-Point elevation and Freezing-Point Depression Colligative properties - depend on the number, and not the identity of the solute particles in an ideal solution. ex. - freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation. Boiling-point elevation - a nonvolatile solute elevates the boiling point of the solvent. Freezing-point depression - the water in the solution has a lower vapor pressure than that of pure ice. http://slideplayer.com/slide/10775304/ Putting salt makes it less likely to be melted next time in the salt. 135
The Learning Goal for this assignment is: Describes phase transations in terms of kinetic molecular theory The System and the Surroundings in <strong>Chemistry</strong> Thermochemistry The system is the part of the universe we wish to focus our attention on. In the world of chemistry, the system is the chemical reaction. For example: 2H2 + O2 ---> 2H2O The system consists of those molecules which are reacting. The surroundings are everything else; the rest of the universe. For example, say the above reaction is happening in gas phase; then the walls of the container are part of the surroundings. There are two important issues: 1. a great majority of our studies will focus on the change in the amount of energy, not the absolute amount of energy in the system or the surroundings. 2. regarding the direction of energy flow, we have a "sign convention." Two possibilities exist concerning the flow of energy between system and surroundings: 1. The system can have energy added to it, which increases its amount and lessens the energy amount in the surroundings. 2. The system can have energy removed from it, thereby lowering its amount and increasing the amount in the surroundings. We will signify an increase in energy with a positive sign and a loss of energy with a negative sign. Also, we will take the point-of-view from the system. Consequently: 1. When energy (heat or work) flow out of the system, the system decreases in its amount. This is assigned a negative sign and is called exothermic. 2. When energy (heat or work) flows into the system, the system increases its energy amount. This is assigned a positive sign and is called endothermic. We do not discuss chemical reactions from the surrounding's point-of-view. Only from the system's. Notes: All reaction accur due to the energy it sorrunding has or else it wouldnt funtion and when changing of phases accur temperatue and presuure changes.Endothermic r eaction is the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings; usually,heat but not always. Examples of this would beas to liquid:Condensation, Liquid to solid;freezing, amd gas to solid ; deposition. While exothermic reactions are a chemical reaction that releases energy by heat. Exothermic means heat is given off or heat is flowing Some examples of e exothermic reactions would be, solid to liquid; melting, liquid to gas :vaporizing, and solid togas sublimation 136
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. Chemistry Honors Notebook 2017-20
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
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Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
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30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
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7
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Print vs. print Online vs. online P
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11 To use the Stair-Step method, fi
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Using SI Units Match the terms in C
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Standards of Measurement Fill in th
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
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Convert each number from Scientific
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Significant Figures Rules There are
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How Many Significant Digits for Eac
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25 The following rule applies for m
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1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
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Chapter 6 The Periodic Table The st
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Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are
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Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
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Summary Atoms are the most importan
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Research the Scientist and summariz
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39 Electron Configuration Color the
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Electron Configuration In order to
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Ca= Calcium Ni=nickel C=carbon Xe=x
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10. Name __________________________
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Using Wikipedia, define the 8 categ
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Define Ionization Energy: Ionizatio
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51 Define Ion Size: Ion Size Ion si
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The Nucleus A typical model of the
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Gamma Radiation After a decay react
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Nuclear Fission The word fusion mea
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Students will be able to predict sh
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electrons in the outer energy level
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Non-metals, which lack only one or
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AlCl3+ HgI2 But remember to look ba
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POLAR BONDING results when two diff
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Step 6 Put the atoms in the structu
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Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
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Carbon dioxide Chemical Name CO 2 C
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Hydronium Chemical Name H 3 O + Che
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Sulfur hexafluoride Chemical Name S
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Bent: They look, well, bent. Bond a
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4. the chlorine atom in hydrochlori
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Chapter 23 Functional Groups The st
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Page 108 and 109: anched chains: Hexane - a 6-carbon
Page 110 and 111: Isomers Because carbon can bond in
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 12 Stoichiometry The studen
Page 114 and 115: Other atomic weights are listed on
Page 116 and 117: Find Molecular Mass 1- 10 1. NaBr N
Page 118 and 119: Right side: 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen an
Page 120 and 121: Add a coefficient of 5 to the oxyge
Page 122 and 123: 1) 2 NaNO3 + PbO Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O 2
Page 124 and 125: 4) Double displacement: This is whe
Page 126 and 127: Decomposition ab=>A+B Determine the
Page 128 and 129: we can determine that 2 moles of HC
Page 130 and 131: When there is no limiting reagent b
Page 132 and 133: Example 7 How much 5M stock solutio
Page 134 and 135: Theoretical and Actual Yields Key T
Page 136 and 137: Review Purposes To get an over
Page 138 and 139: STP-Standard Temperature And Pressu
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases Th
Page 142 and 143: CORNELL NOTES Learning Goal: Differ
Page 144 and 145: Questions/Main Ideas NOTES 13.4 cha
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Page 148 and 149: 127 3. The pressure of nitrogen gas
Page 150 and 151: This formula is strictly valid only
Page 152 and 153: dissolved in water. All electrolyte
Page 154 and 155: Create and interpret potential ener
Page 158 and 159: Specific Heat Here is the definitio
Page 160 and 161: Step One: solid ice rises in temper
Page 162 and 163: Step Three: liquid water rises in t
Page 164 and 165: Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
Page 166 and 167: then it is exothermic, meaning the
Page 168 and 169: Define the types of reactions. Give
Page 170 and 171: 1. If this compound was at room tem
Page 172 and 173: 1. In what part of the curve would
Page 174 and 175: Reduction Oxidation reduction react
Page 176 and 177: So far, the properties have an obvi
Page 178 and 179: The acid base theory of Brønsted a
Page 180 and 181: IV. Problems with the Theory This t
Page 182 and 183: Let's discuss significant figures a
Page 184 and 185: On your calculator you would input
Page 186 and 187: Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
Page 188 and 189: 7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
Page 190: Notice that each separate substance
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Final Chemistry Notebook

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