Final Chemistry Notebook

The Learning Goal for this assignment is:
Describes phase transations in terms of kinetic molecular theory
The System and the Surroundings in Chemistry
Thermochemistry
The system is the part of the universe we wish to focus our attention on. In the world of chemistry, the
system is the chemical reaction. For example:
2H2 + O2 ---> 2H2O
The system consists of those molecules which are reacting.
The surroundings are everything else; the rest of the universe. For example, say the above reaction is
happening in gas phase; then the walls of the container are part of the surroundings.
There are two important issues:
1. a great majority of our studies will focus on the change in the amount of energy, not the
absolute amount of energy in the system or the surroundings.
2. regarding the direction of energy flow, we have a "sign convention."
Two possibilities exist concerning the flow of energy between system and surroundings:
1. The system can have energy added to it, which increases its amount and lessens the energy
amount in the surroundings.
2. The system can have energy removed from it, thereby lowering its amount and increasing the
amount in the surroundings.
We will signify an increase in energy with a positive sign and a loss of energy with a negative sign.
Also, we will take the point-of-view from the system. Consequently:
1. When energy (heat or work) flow out of the system, the system decreases in its amount. This
is assigned a negative sign and is called exothermic.
2. When energy (heat or work) flows into the system, the system increases its energy amount.
This is assigned a positive sign and is called endothermic.
We do not discuss chemical reactions from the surrounding's point-of-view. Only from the system's.
Notes: All reaction accur due to the energy
it sorrunding has or else it wouldnt funtion and when changing of phases accur temperatue and presuure changes.Endothermic r
eaction is the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings; usually,heat but not always. Examples
of this would beas to liquid:Condensation, Liquid to solid;freezing, amd gas to solid ; deposition. While exothermic reactions are a
chemical reaction that releases energy by heat. Exothermic means heat is given off or heat is flowing Some examples of e
exothermic reactions would be, solid to liquid; melting, liquid to gas :vaporizing, and solid togas sublimation
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