Final Chemistry Notebook

POLAR BONDING results when two different non-metals unequally share electrons between them.
One well known exception to the identical atom rule is the combination of carbon and hydrogen in all
organic compounds.
The non-metal closer to fluorine in the Periodic Table has a greater tendency to keep its own electron
and also draw away the other atom's electron. It is NOT completely successful. As a result, only
partial charges are established. One atom becomes partially positive since it has lost control of its
electron some of the time. The other atom becomes partially negative since it gains electron some of
the time.
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Chloride forms a polar covalent molecule. The graphic
on the left shows that chlorine has 7 electrons in the outer shell.
Hydrogen has one electron in its outer energy shell. Since 8
electrons are needed for an octet, they share the electrons.
However, chlorine gets an unequal share of the two electrons,
although the electrons are still shared (not transferred as in ionic
bonding), the sharing is unequal. The electrons spends more of the
time closer to chlorine. As a result, the chlorine acquires a "partial"
negative charge. At the same time, since hydrogen loses the
electron most - but not all of the time, it acquires a "partial" charge.
The partial charge is denoted with a small Greek symbol for delta.
Water
Water, the most universal compound on all of the earth, has the property of
being a polar molecule. As a result of this property, the physical and
chemical properties of the compound are fairly unique.
Dihydrogen Oxide or water forms a polar covalent molecule. The graphic on
the left shows that oxygen has 6 electrons in the outer shell. Hydrogen has
one electron in its outer energy shell. Since 8 electrons are needed for an
octet, they share the electrons.
Notes Section:
There are two types of covalent bonding which are polar bonding and non polar. Non-polar bondingis when thiers is
an equal sharing of electron. polarbonding and unequal sharing electrons and number of shared electrons matter
on theoctect rule to become stable. non polar is when two same not metals share elctrons. Their only one thing from this
which is hydrogen.
In order to make the covalent bond is go through the 8 step procces which is First of is you need to find the valence electron
for all atoms. Add them together. Next we need to find octet for each atom and add them together. Furthermore (3) we
need to Subtract Step 1 from Step 2. Find number of bonds by diving the number by 2 which gives us the bond.
Additionaly we find out which is least electronegative is. Then we put the atoms in the structure that bond them together.
Use the periodic table and find the one farthest away from Fluorine .Then we subtratct step 1from 3 and divide by 2 to get
number of Lone pair. Finally we find formal charges for the atoms. Arrange atoms so that all formal charges are 0 ot
Ex: H20t
Metal: non metal 1 1 to 1 ratio. When two metals come togethere they disacioate . Spread all over the place,
1. H2*1=2 In this step we look at the group . For exampl hydrogen is 1 and oxegen is in group 6.
O1*6 =6
8e-
2. H2*2=4 In the second step we Multiply all things by eight to satisfy the octet rule of eight. The inly execption
O1*8=8 Hydrogen which you multiply by .
12e-
3 12-6= 6e All you do in this tep is subtract step 2 by step 1.
4 6/2 -= 3bonds All we do in this step as you can clearly can see is divide eby 2 to get the number of bond we need.
5And 6
We ajusted this to a structure in which makes sense
H O H
7&8 8-6=2 lp We plug 2 lone pair on top
Prefix number
Mono 1
Di 2
tri 3
tetra 4
pentra 5
hexa 6
hepta 7
octa 8
nona 9
deca 10 67