Final Chemistry Notebook

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On your calculator you would input 10, ^, (-), 5 and you would get 0.00001. This is also the way to find the amount of OH + that are present in a base. To find the pH: -log(concentration) To find the concentration: 10 -pH Define these terms: pH scale A ph scale in which measures the acidic of a subtance. It can also measure the level of base it its. Not only thtaht ph scale can show the mixture of a basea nd aci meaning that its nuetral which the number on the ph is 7. The scale ranges from 1-14. Acids are from 1 -6 while bases are 8-14. Hydronium ion A hydronuim ion is a aqueous solution is no more than a proton. Its a bare nuclues. Contains single postive charge which is concentrated into a volume of space .The hydronium ion is an vital when their is chemicla reactions that occur in aqueous solutions.The chemical formula of a hydronuim ion is H3O Arrhenius acid/base An Arrhenius acid dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions. On the other hand, an Arrhenius base dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions. Acid is any substance which delivers hydrogen ion to the solution. While any substance which delivers hydroxide ion (OH¯) to the solution. Lewis acid/base In the Lewis theory of acid-base reactions, the bases give pairs of electrons. While on the other hand the acids take pairs of electrons. A Lewis acid is a substance, that can take in a pair of nonbonding electrons. Baicaly a Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. Bronsted-Lowry acid/base An acid is a substance from which a proton can be removed. A base is a substance that can remove a proton from an acid.In an acid, the hydrogen ion is bonded to the rest of the molecule. In an acid, the hydrogen ion is bonded to the rest of the molecule Strong acid/base strong acid is any acid that ionizes completely in solutions. Which menas thet it gives the greatest number of hyrogen ion or protons. While a srong base feel slippery and taste soapy. A strong base is a base that breaks completley apart in solution. Weak acid/base .A weak acid is an acid that dissociates incompfew of its hydrogen atoms into solution. Which makes it is less capable than a strongacid when giving protons away. While a strong base is a base that does not ionize fully in an aqueous solution. Neutralization reaction Neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of hydrogen ions and OH- ions to generate water. The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7 which is nuetral not acidic nor a base but in the middle conating a bit of both. Titration Titration is a slow addition of one solution of a known concentration to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change. Two of the most common titrations are acid-base and redox titrations 163
The Learning Goal for this assignment is: The student will learn what happens during oxidation and reduction and how to balance redox equations. 1. Oxidation Numbers Redox Reactions Oxidation and reduction Every atom, ion or polyatomic ion has a formal oxidation number associated with it. This value compares the number of protons in an atom (positive charge) and the number of electrons assigned to that atom (negative charge). In many cases, the oxidation number reflects the actual charge on the atom, but there are many cases where it does not. Think of oxidation numbers as a bookkeeping exercise simply to keep track of where electrons go. 2. Reduction Reduction means what it says: the oxidation number is reduced in reduction. This is accomplished by adding electrons. The electrons, being negative, reduce the overall oxidation number of the atom receiving the electrons. 3. Oxidation Oxidation is the reverse process: the oxidation number of an atom is increased during oxidation. This is done by removing electrons. The electrons, being negative, make the atom that lost them more positive. I use this mnemonic to help me remember which is which: LEO the lion says GER. LEO = Loss of Electrons is Oxidation GER = Gain of Electrons is Reduction Another well-known mnemonic is this: OIL RIG OIL = Oxidation Is Loss (of Electrons) RIG = Reduction Is Gain (of Electrons) Another way is to simply remember that reduction is to reduce the oxidation number. Therefore, oxidation must increase the value. 4. Reduction-Oxidation Reactions There are many chemical reactions in which one substance gets reduced in oxidation number (reduction) while another participating substance gets increased in oxidation number (oxidation). Such a reaction is called called a REDOX reaction. The RED, of course, comes from REDuction and OX from OXidation. However, it is pronounced re-dox and not red-ox. Here is a simple example of a redox reaction: 164
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. Chemistry Honors Notebook 2017-20
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
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Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
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30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
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7
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Print vs. print Online vs. online P
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11 To use the Stair-Step method, fi
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Using SI Units Match the terms in C
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Standards of Measurement Fill in th
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
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Convert each number from Scientific
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Significant Figures Rules There are
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How Many Significant Digits for Eac
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25 The following rule applies for m
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1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
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Chapter 6 The Periodic Table The st
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Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are
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Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
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Summary Atoms are the most importan
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Research the Scientist and summariz
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39 Electron Configuration Color the
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Electron Configuration In order to
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Ca= Calcium Ni=nickel C=carbon Xe=x
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10. Name __________________________
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Using Wikipedia, define the 8 categ
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Define Ionization Energy: Ionizatio
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51 Define Ion Size: Ion Size Ion si
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The Nucleus A typical model of the
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Gamma Radiation After a decay react
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Nuclear Fission The word fusion mea
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Students will be able to predict sh
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electrons in the outer energy level
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Non-metals, which lack only one or
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AlCl3+ HgI2 But remember to look ba
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POLAR BONDING results when two diff
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Step 6 Put the atoms in the structu
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Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
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Carbon dioxide Chemical Name CO 2 C
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Hydronium Chemical Name H 3 O + Che
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Sulfur hexafluoride Chemical Name S
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Bent: They look, well, bent. Bond a
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4. the chlorine atom in hydrochlori
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Chapter 23 Functional Groups The st
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anched chains: Hexane - a 6-carbon
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Isomers Because carbon can bond in
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Chapter 12 Stoichiometry The studen
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Other atomic weights are listed on
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Find Molecular Mass 1- 10 1. NaBr N
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Right side: 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen an
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Add a coefficient of 5 to the oxyge
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1) 2 NaNO3 + PbO Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O 2
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4) Double displacement: This is whe
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Decomposition ab=>A+B Determine the
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we can determine that 2 moles of HC
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When there is no limiting reagent b
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Example 7 How much 5M stock solutio
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Page 138 and 139: STP-Standard Temperature And Pressu
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Page 142 and 143: CORNELL NOTES Learning Goal: Differ
Page 144 and 145: Questions/Main Ideas NOTES 13.4 cha
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Page 148 and 149: 127 3. The pressure of nitrogen gas
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Page 152 and 153: dissolved in water. All electrolyte
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Page 156 and 157: Structure effects: determines what
Page 158 and 159: Specific Heat Here is the definitio
Page 160 and 161: Step One: solid ice rises in temper
Page 162 and 163: Step Three: liquid water rises in t
Page 164 and 165: Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
Page 166 and 167: then it is exothermic, meaning the
Page 168 and 169: Define the types of reactions. Give
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Page 172 and 173: 1. In what part of the curve would
Page 174 and 175: Reduction Oxidation reduction react
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Page 178 and 179: The acid base theory of Brønsted a
Page 180 and 181: IV. Problems with the Theory This t
Page 182 and 183: Let's discuss significant figures a
Page 186 and 187: Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
Page 188 and 189: 7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
Page 190: Notice that each separate substance
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